scholarly journals Biasing moral decisions by exploiting the dynamics of eye gaze

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (13) ◽  
pp. 4170-4175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Pärnamets ◽  
Petter Johansson ◽  
Lars Hall ◽  
Christian Balkenius ◽  
Michael J. Spivey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Linguistic Processing ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
Sensorimotor Systems ◽  
Forced Choice Task ◽  
The Moment ◽  
High Level

Eye gaze is a window onto cognitive processing in tasks such as spatial memory, linguistic processing, and decision making. We present evidence that information derived from eye gaze can be used to change the course of individuals’ decisions, even when they are reasoning about high-level, moral issues. Previous studies have shown that when an experimenter actively controls what an individual sees the experimenter can affect simple decisions with alternatives of almost equal valence. Here we show that if an experimenter passively knows when individuals move their eyes the experimenter can change complex moral decisions. This causal effect is achieved by simply adjusting the timing of the decisions. We monitored participants’ eye movements during a two-alternative forced-choice task with moral questions. One option was randomly predetermined as a target. At the moment participants had fixated the target option for a set amount of time we terminated their deliberation and prompted them to choose between the two alternatives. Although participants were unaware of this gaze-contingent manipulation, their choices were systematically biased toward the target option. We conclude that even abstract moral cognition is partly constituted by interactions with the immediate environment and is likely supported by gaze-dependent decision processes. By tracking the interplay between individuals, their sensorimotor systems, and the environment, we can influence the outcome of a decision without directly manipulating the content of the information available to them.

scholarly journals MORAL ASPECT REVIEW BY THEORY OF ROBERT M. ENTMAN IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF JOKO WIDODO HUGS MOMENTS WITH PRABOWO SUBIANTO IN THE ASIAN GAMES 2018 (News from Cnnindonesia.com Edition 29 - 30 August 2018)

ICCD ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-170
Author(s):  
Khanna Fajar Maulana ◽  
Jeanie Annissa
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Research Literature ◽  
Treatment Recommendation ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Framing Analysis ◽  
Moral Issues ◽  
Moral Decisions ◽  
Moral Aspect ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
The Moment

This research discuss about construction carried out by online media cnnindonesia.com to moment hug Joko Widodo with Prabowo Subianto in organizing the 2018 Asian Games in the pencak silat sport. This research aims to understand moral aspect review by theory of Robert M. Entman in the construction of Joko Widodo hugs moments with Prabowo Subianto in the Asian Games 2018 (news from Cnnindonesia.com edition 29 – 30 August 2018). The theory used is Robert M. Entman framing analysis, which is defining problems, estimating problems or sources of problems, making moral decisions and emphasizing solutions. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach. The data collection technique uses secondary data which emphasizes research literature. The results of this research explain that cnnindonesia.com shows the issue and constructs the news of  the moment to moral issues, Define Problems moral issues, namely the embrace of Jokowidodo and PrabowoSubianto together with Hanifan Yudani Kusumah martial arts athlete. Diagnosis Causes of hug moments can be an example for people to respect each other. Make Moral Judgment Hanifan Yudani Kusumah kissed the hands of Joko Widodo and Prabowo Subianto and embraced the two so they embraced tightly and asked their people to respect and respect each other. Treatment Recommendation hopes that the political contestation that takes place by the community can maintain mutual unity, togetherness and brotherhood.

scholarly journals Children skilled in mental abacus show enhanced non-symbolic number sense

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cui Jiaxin ◽  
Xiao Rui ◽  
Ma Mei ◽  
Yuan Li ◽  
Roi Cohen Kadosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Number Sense ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Significant Group Difference ◽  
Number Comparison ◽  
High Level ◽  
Symbolic Number

Mental abacus is the mental arithmetic with the help of an imagined abacus. Children skilled in mental abacus have been shown to exhibit advantages in arithmetic abilities. The current study investigated whether children with high-level mental abacus ability could outperform controls in non-symbolic number sense, which is considered to be much fundamental for arithmetic development. One hundred and fifty children (75 children skilled in mental abacus and 75 controls) took part in this study. Children skilled in mental abacus completed a mental abacus level test. Two groups of children performed serial cognitive tasks, including non-symbolic number comparison, arithmetic, language, spatial processing, visual perception, attention, processing speed, working memory, and general intelligence. Results show that children skilled in mental abacus had better non-symbolic number sense than the controls after controlling for general intelligence. The significant group difference of non-symbolic number sense retained after further controlling for age, gender, all types of cognitive processing available and even arithmetic performance. A mediation model showed that the non-symbolic number sense partially mediated the group difference on arithmetic development. The results suggest that children skilled in mental abacus have enhanced non-symbolic number sense. These findings raise the possibility that mental abacus training could have a causal effect on children’s non-symbolic numerical skills.

Advances in Stem Instrumentation for Biology

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 362-363
Author(s):  
J. S. Wall
Keyword(s):  
Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Carbon Films ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Material Deposition ◽  
Active User ◽  
Percent Improvement ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Film Substrate ◽  
High Level

The forte of the Scanning transmission Electron Microscope (STEM) is high resolution imaging with high contrast on thin specimens, as demonstrated by visualization of single heavy atoms. of equal importance for biology is the efficient utilization of all available signals, permitting low dose imaging of unstained single molecules such as DNA.Our work at Brookhaven has concentrated on: 1) design and construction of instruments optimized for a narrow range of biological applications and 2) use of such instruments in a very active user/collaborator program. Therefore our program is highly interactive with a strong emphasis on producing results which are interpretable with a high level of confidence.The major challenge we face at the moment is specimen preparation. The resolution of the STEM is better than 2.5 A, but measurements of resolution vs. dose level off at a resolution of 20 A at a dose of 10 el/A2 on a well-behaved biological specimen such as TMV (tobacco mosaic virus). To track down this problem we are examining all aspects of specimen preparation: purification of biological material, deposition on the thin film substrate, washing, fast freezing and freeze drying. As we attempt to improve our equipment/technique, we use image analysis of TMV internal controls included in all STEM samples as a monitor sensitive enough to detect even a few percent improvement. For delicate specimens, carbon films can be very harsh-leading to disruption of the sample. Therefore we are developing conducting polymer films as alternative substrates, as described elsewhere in these Proceedings. For specimen preparation studies, we have identified (from our user/collaborator program ) a variety of “canary” specimens, each uniquely sensitive to one particular aspect of sample preparation, so we can attempt to separate the variables involved.

scholarly journals Experience as cognition: musical sense-making and the ‘in-time/ outside-of-time’ dichotomy

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Reybrouck
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Sense Making ◽  
Levels Of Processing ◽  
Symbolic Processing ◽  
Sensory Reactivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Moment ◽  
High Level ◽  
Comprehensive Framework

Musical sense-making relies on two distinctive strategies: tracking the moment-to-moment history of the actual unfolding and recollecting actual and previous sounding events in a kind of synoptic overview. Both positions are not opposed but complement each other. The aim of this contribution, therefore, is to provide a comprehensive framework that provides both conceptual and operational tools for coping with the sounds. Five major possibilities are proposed in this regard: (i) the concepts of perspective and resolution, which refer to the distance the listener takes with respect to the sounding music and the fine-grainedness of his/her discriminative abilities; (ii) the continuous/discrete dichotomy which conceives of the music as one continuous flow as against a division in separate and distinct elements; (iii) the in time/outside-of-time distinction, with the former proceeding in real time and the latter proceeding outside of the time of unfolding; (iv) the deictic approach to musical sense-making, which conceives of an act of mental pointing to the music, and (v) the levels of processing, which span a continuum between primitive sensory reactivity to actual sounding stimuli and high-level symbolic processing.

scholarly journals Educational Media, Textbooks, and Postcolonial Relocations of Memory Politics in Europe

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eckhardt Fuchs ◽  
Marcus Otto
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Politics Of Memory ◽  
Memory Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
High Level ◽  
Strategic Politics

Cultures of remembrance or memory cultures have constituted an interdisciplinary field of research since the 1990s. While this field has achieved a high level of internal differentiation, it generally views its remit as one that encompasses “all imaginable forms of conscious remembrance of historical events, personalities, and processes.” In contrast to this comprehensive and therefore rather vague definition of “culture of remembrance” or “memory culture”, we use the term “politics of memory” here and in what follows in a more specific sense, in order to emphasize “the moment at which the past is made functional use of in the service of present-day purposes, to the end of shaping an identity founded in history.” Viewing the issue in terms of discourse analysis, we may progress directly from this definition to identify and investigate politics of memory as a discourse of strategic resignifications of the past as formulated in history and implemented in light of contemporary identity politics. While the nation-state remains a central point of reference for the politics of memory, the field is by no means limited to official forms of the engagement of states with their past. In other words, it does not relate exclusively to the official character of a state’s policy on history. Instead, it also encompasses the strategic politics of memory and identity pursued by other stakeholders in a society, a politics that frequently, but not always, engages explicitly with state-generated and state-sanctioned memory politics. Thus, the politics of memory is currently unfolding as a discourse of ongoing, highly charged debate surrounding collective self-descriptions in modern, “culturally” multilayered, and heterogeneous societies, where self-descriptions draw on historical developments and events that are subject to conflict.

scholarly journals RECOGNIZING BEHAVIOR IN HAND-EYE COORDINATION PATTERNS

2009 ◽  
Vol 06 (03) ◽  
pp. 337-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
WEILIE YI ◽  
DANA BALLARD
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Complex Activity ◽  
Bayes Network ◽  
Human Computer Interfaces ◽  
Hand Eye Coordination ◽  
Constructive Models ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Coordination Patterns

Modeling human behavior is important for the design of robots as well as human-computer interfaces that use humanoid avatars. Constructive models have been built, but they have not captured all of the detailed structure of human behavior such as the moment-to-moment deployment and coordination of hand, head and eye gaze used in complex tasks. We show how this data from human subjects performing a task can be used to program a dynamic Bayes network (DBN) which in turn can be used to recognize new performance instances. As a specific demonstration we show that the steps in a complex activity such as sandwich making can be recognized by a DBN in real time.

scholarly journals Higher cognitive ability buffers stress-related depressive symptoms in adolescent girls

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Riglin ◽  
Stephan Collishaw ◽  
Katherine H. Shelton ◽  
I. C. McManus ◽  
Terry Ng-Knight ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Stressful Life Events ◽  
Depressive Symptomatology ◽  
Causal Effect ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Familial Risk ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Cognitive Operations

AbstractStress has been shown to have a causal effect on risk for depression. We investigated the role of cognitive ability as a moderator of the effect of stressful life events on depressive symptoms and whether this varied by gender. Data were analyzed in two adolescent data sets: one representative community sample aged 11–12 years (n = 460) and one at increased familial risk of depression aged 9–17 years (n = 335). In both data sets, a three-way interaction was found whereby for girls, but not boys, higher cognitive ability buffered the association between stress and greater depressive symptoms. The interaction was replicated when the outcome was a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. This buffering effect in girls was not attributable to coping efficacy. However, a small proportion of the variance was accounted for by sensitivity to environmental stressors. Results suggest that this moderating effect of cognitive ability in girls is largely attributable to greater available resources for cognitive operations that offer protection against stress-induced reductions in cognitive processing and cognitive control which in turn reduces the likelihood of depressive symptomatology.

scholarly journals Spinal Intradural Intramedullary Dissemination in the Absence of Intracranial Relapse of a Previously Radically Treated Temporal Lobe Glioblastoma Multiforme

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Serrano ◽  
Eleftherios Archavlis ◽  
Elke Januschek ◽  
Pavel Timofeev ◽  
Peter Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Glioblastoma Multiforme ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Spinal Metastases ◽  
Local Relapse ◽  
Intracranial Tumor ◽  
Primary Therapy ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
The Moment ◽  
High Level

Intracranial glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) constitutes the most frequent and unfortunately aggressive primary central nervous system malignancy. Despite the high tendency of these tumors to show local relapse within the brain after primary therapy, dissemination into the spinal axis is an infrequent event. If spinal metastases occur they are leptomeningeal in the vast majority of cases and always in the context of intracranial progressive disease. Spinal intramedullary metastases of intracranial GBM have rarely been described to date. We report the unique case of a young woman with subacute progressive paraparesis due to spinal intramedullary metastases of a temporal lobe GBM despite the remarkable absence of intracranial tumor relapse. The patient had undergone gross total resection of a left temporal GBM in contact with the ventricles and cisternal space followed by radio- and chemotherapy 13 months before. At the moment of diagnosis of spinal intramedullary metastases, there were no signs of intracranial tumor recurrence as revealed by MRI scans. Since a high level of suspicion may be needed to detect this rare evolution of intracranial GBM and other differential diagnoses must be ruled out at presentation, we discuss the important features of this case regarding clinical manifestation, diagnosis, surgery, and management. Furthermore, we mention possible factors that may have contributed to the development of these metastases in the context of intracranial remission.

Functional limit theorems for high-level subcritical branching processes in random environment

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeriy I. Afanasyev
Keyword(s):  
Random Environment ◽  
Limit Theorems ◽  
Branching Process ◽  
Branching Processes ◽  
Moment Generating Function ◽  
Functional Limit ◽  
Functional Limit Theorems ◽  
The Moment ◽  
High Level ◽  
Passage Times

AbstractThe paper is concerned with subcritical branching process in random environment. It is assumed that the moment-generating function of steps of the associated random walk is equal to 1 for some positive value of the argument. Functional limit theorems for sizes of various generations and passage times to various levels are put forward.

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