scholarly journals DNA capture reveals transoceanic gene flow in endangered river sharks

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (43) ◽  
pp. 13302-13307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenhong Li ◽  
Shannon Corrigan ◽  
Lei Yang ◽  
Nicolas Straube ◽  
Mark Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Modern Material ◽  
Hybridization Capture ◽  
Marine Dispersal ◽  
Bull Shark ◽  
Capture Method ◽  
Unidentified Species ◽  
The 19Th Century

For over a hundred years, the “river sharks” of the genus Glyphis were only known from the type specimens of species that had been collected in the 19th century. They were widely considered extinct until populations of Glyphis-like sharks were rediscovered in remote regions of Borneo and Northern Australia at the end of the 20th century. However, the genetic affinities between the newly discovered Glyphis-like populations and the poorly preserved, original museum-type specimens have never been established. Here, we present the first (to our knowledge) fully resolved, complete phylogeny of Glyphis that includes both archival-type specimens and modern material. We used a sensitive DNA hybridization capture method to obtain complete mitochondrial genomes from all of our samples and show that three of the five described river shark species are probably conspecific and widely distributed in Southeast Asia. Furthermore we show that there has been recent gene flow between locations that are separated by large oceanic expanses. Our data strongly suggest marine dispersal in these species, overturning the widely held notion that river sharks are restricted to freshwater. It seems that species in the genus Glyphis are euryhaline with an ecology similar to the bull shark, in which adult individuals live in the ocean while the young grow up in river habitats with reduced predation pressure. Finally, we discovered a previously unidentified species within the genus Glyphis that is deeply divergent from all other lineages, underscoring the current lack of knowledge about the biodiversity and ecology of these mysterious sharks.

Gullah-Geechee settlement patterns from slavery to freedom: Investigation of a Georgia plantation slave quarter

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradford Botwick
Keyword(s):  
Settlement Patterns ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Southeastern United States ◽  
Origin Time ◽  
Modern Material ◽  
Settlement Type ◽  
The Family ◽  
Slave Quarters ◽  
Enslaved African Americans ◽  
The 19Th Century

Gullah-Geechee is a creole culture that emerged among enslaved African Americans in the coastal Southeastern United States. Modern material expressions of this culture include a distinctive settlement type, the family compound, consisting of loosely clustered residences and outbuildings. The arrangement of these settlements resembles colonial slave quarters but differs from antebellum “slave rows.” Gullah-Geechee family compounds existed by the mid-20th century, but their origin, time depth, and evolution from linear quarters are unclear. Archaeological study of the Wilson–Miller plantation slave quarter near Savannah, occupied over most of the 19th Century, indicated that the Gullah-Geechee residential compound appeared soon after Emancipation. The study also suggested that communal outdoor space was important in maintaining cultural practices that were expressed in both colonial and post-Emancipation settlement patterns.

Validation of Calciphilopteris wallichii and lectotype designation for closely related C. ludens (Cheilanthoideae, Pteridaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 303 (1) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
ALEXEY P. SEREGIN
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Flowering Plants ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Complete Set ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Plant Nomenclature

The Moscow University Herbarium holds a nearly complete set of Hugh Cuming’s specimens collected in 1836–1840 in the Philippines (Seregin 2011). Due to a large number of duplicates, Cuming’s specimens played a vital role in the stability of the Malesian plant nomenclature in the 19th century. Bobrov & Gubanov (1979) carefully separated all of the pteridophytes from the Cuming collections at MW and LE and revealed many fern types. Later, Seregin (2011) studied vast collections of flowering plants and cited 420 type specimens of 395 taxa.

The type status of collections made by Adolfo Moller and Francisco Quintas in the floras of São Tomé and Príncipe

Phytotaxa ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 425 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-95
Author(s):  
ESTRELA FIGUEIREDO ◽  
GIDEON F. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Numbering System ◽  
Label Data ◽  
Sao Tome And Principe ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Considerable Confusion ◽  
Taxonomic Studies ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Work Done

The numbering systems used by Júlio Henriques when specimens were prepared for distribution as donations or for determination from the Herbarium COI (Coimbra, Portugal) are addressed, with particular emphasis on the collections made by Adolfo Moller and Francisco Quintas on São Tomé and Príncipe in the 19th century. The conflicting numbers and label data that are found on these collections have been the source of considerable confusion in determining what constitute duplicates, and in many cases the type status of such collections. An understanding of the administrative methodology and numbering system used by Henriques is critical in taxonomic studies on the flora of São Tomé and Príncipe and adjacent areas, as the early collections inevitably included large numbers of type specimens. Previous work done by Arthur Exell to address the issue is analysed and explained, and examples are presented.

scholarly journals New records of sharks (Elasmobranchii) from the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago in India with notes on current checklists

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoya Tyabji ◽  
Rima Jabado ◽  
Dipani Sutaria
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Location ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Tiger Shark ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Nurse Shark ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Bull Shark ◽  
Over Exploitation

The diversity of sharks occurring off the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelago in India has received increased attention in recent years. Yet, available checklists are out of date, often with inaccurate information and a number of commercially important species have not been documented through research and fish landing surveys. Here we report on shark species examined during fish landing surveys conducted from January 2017 to March 2018. Records of twelve previously unreported species from the archipelago are presented and include the bignose shark (Carcharhinusaltimus), pigeye shark (Carcharhinusamboinensis), bull shark (Carcharhinusleucas), snaggletooth shark (Hemipristiselongata), slender weasel shark (Paragaleusrandalli), Arabian smoothhound shark (Mustelusmosis), Indonesian houndshark (Hemitriakisindroyonoi), sand tiger shark (Carchariastaurus), Indonesian bambooshark (Chiloscylliumhasseltii), tawny nurse shark (Nebriusferrugineus), dwarf gulper shark (Centrophorusatromarginatus), and the Indonesian shortsnout spurdog (Squalushemipinnis). These records increase the reported shark species for the archipelago from 47 to 59 and for India from 114 to 116. Additionally, a size extension in the total length ofC.hasseltiiby 27 cm and ofP.randalliby 8 cm is reported. Owing to the bio-geographical location of these islands, species diversity around the archipelago is unique and appears to overlap with that of southeast Asia. With increasing reports of over-exploitation and the operation of a targeted shark fishery by distant water fleets in these waters, the limited information on shark diversity from this region is of concern. Systematic and long-term monitoring of catches, combined with accurate species identification, is crucial to provide information on management measures.

Life after death: behaviour of multiple shark species scavenging a whale carcass

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. E. Lea ◽  
R. Daly ◽  
C. Leon ◽  
C. A. K. Daly ◽  
C. R. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Western Indian Ocean ◽  
Sperm Whale ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Tiger Shark ◽  
Nurse Shark ◽  
Life After Death ◽  
Galeocerdo Cuvier ◽  
Carcharhinus Leucas ◽  
Bull Shark

A drone was used to study the richness and behaviour of scavengers attracted to the carcass of a sperm whale (Physeter microcephalus) in Seychelles, Western Indian Ocean. Over 30 sharks of 3 species (tiger shark Galeocerdo cuvier, bull shark Carcharhinus leucas and tawny nurse shark Nebrius ferrugineus) were recorded scavenging on the carcass. Tiger sharks dominated the scavenging, but with no evidence of agonistic behaviours or hierarchy, and may have facilitated scavenging by other species. Drone use allowed the analysis of such behaviours without observer influence, providing new insights into communal scavenging events.

Slit-band gastropods (Pleurotomariida) from the Upper Triassic St. Cassian Formation and their diversity dynamics in the Triassic

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5042 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-165
Author(s):  
BARAN KARAPUNAR ◽  
ALEXANDER NÜTZEL
Keyword(s):  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Gastropod Species ◽  
Generic Level ◽  
Cassian Formation ◽  
Extinction Event ◽  
Mass Extinction Event ◽  
Permian Mass Extinction ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Diversity Dynamics

The St. Cassian Formation, Italy, has yielded the most diverse marine invertebrate fauna known from the Triassic. A quarter of all described Triassic gastropod species has been reported from this formation. Most of the gastropod species from the St. Cassian Formation were erected in the 19th century and many of them are known only from their original figures and descriptions. The failure to study type specimens resulted in many erroneous identifications by subsequent authors. Here, we revise the slit band gastropods (Pleurotomariida) from the St. Cassian Formation—one of the major groups present in this formation. A total of 77 nominate Pleurotomariida species belonging to 29 genera and 11 families are present in the St. Cassian Formation which comprises approximately 14 % of the total nominate gastropod species of that formation. In addition, we revise several taxa that had been wrongly assigned to Pleurotomariida. As other gastropod clades, Pleurotomariida experienced a major extinction at the end-Permian mass extinction event. As in the Late Palaeozoic, their relative abundance in gastropod faunas continued to be 30 % in some Anisian faunas but decreased to 5–10 % afterwards. Their diversification at generic level became interrupted by an extinction event within the Carnian, probably by the Carnian Pluvial Event. As a result of their sluggish recovery compared to the other gastropod groups, their species diversity decreased from 26 % during the Permian to 18 % during the Triassic.                 Type specimens of the following genera are studied: Proteomphalus, Rhaphistomella, Temnotropis, Kittlidiscus, Stuorella, Schizogonium, Wortheniella, Bandelium, Lancedellia, Rinaldoella, Pseudowortheniella, Paleunema, Ampezzalina, Bandelastraea, Cheilotomona, Pseudoscalites, Delphinulopsis, and Cochlearia.                 Nine new pleurotomariidan genera are erected: Amplitomaria, Pseudoananias, Lineacingulum, Pressulasphaera, Cancellotomaria, Acutitomaria, Lineaetomaria, Nodocingulum, and Striacingulum.                 Eight new species are described: Schizogonium undae, Acutitomaria kustatscherae, Wortheniella klipsteini, Wortheniella paolofedelei, Rinaldoella tornata, Nodocingulum ernstkittli, Nodocingulum? turris, and Laubella subsulcata.                 Eoworthenia frydai is a new replacement name for Worthenia rarissima Barrande.  

Toward a Sustainable Fishery Management Policy

2016 ◽  
pp. 1701-1722
Author(s):  
Steven P. Coy ◽  
Margaret F. Shipley ◽  
J. Brooke Shipley-Lozano
Keyword(s):  
Gulf Of Mexico ◽  
Fishery Management ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Bull Shark ◽  
Habitat Usage ◽  
Artificial Neural Network Ann ◽  
Sustainable Fishery

This article proposes an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model to predict neonatal and juvenile bull shark habitat usage in the Sabine Pass, located within the Gulf of Mexico between Louisiana and Texas. Given continuing discussion regarding overfishing of all shark species, including bull sharks, in the northwestern Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, the research objective was to analyze environmental data proven to be conducive to bull shark early life stages and to use these data in an ANN to predict bull shark presence during late spring and throughout summer months at designated sampling sites. The results of this analysis can both aid decision making in a fisheries context and inform the discussion on bull shark habitat usage in general, thereby contributing to the discussion of whether or not the need exists for conservation efforts to ensure sustainability of the species as part of an effective bull shark management plan.

scholarly journals Filling the Gap and Improving Conservation: How IUCN Red Lists and Historical Scientific Data Can Shed More Light on Threatened Sharks in the Italian Seas

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Luigi Leonetti ◽  
Emilio Sperone ◽  
Andrea Travaglini ◽  
Angelo R. Mojetta ◽  
Marco Signore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Historical Data ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Shark Species ◽  
Red Lists ◽  
The Status ◽  
The 19Th Century

Chondrichthyans are one of the most threatened marine taxa worldwide. This is also the case in the Mediterranean Sea, which is considered an extinction hotspot for rays and sharks. The central position of the Italian peninsula makes it an ideal location for studying the status and changes of this sea. There is a lack of biological, ecological and historical data when assessing shark populations, which is also highlighted in the Red List of Threatened Species compiled by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Historical data can provide important information to better understand how chondrichthyan populations have changed over time. This study aims to provide a clearer understanding of the changes in distribution and abundance of eight shark species in the Italian seas that are currently classified as at risk of extinction by the IUCN. In this respect, a bibliographic review was conducted on items from the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century, focusing on the selected species. The results show that all sharks were considered common until the beginning of the 20th century but have declined since, with a clear negative trend, mainly in the past 70 years. The strong local decline has been attributed to overexploitation, bycatch, habitat loss, depletion of prey items and environmental pollution. Furthermore, historical data also allow us to avoid the issue of a ‘shifting baseline’, in which contemporary abundances are assumed to be “normal”. Using historical data to further our knowledge of the marine environment is becoming increasingly common, and is fundamental in understanding human impact and evaluating mitigation measures to manage and conserve marine species and environments.

A revision of the genus Radicipes Stearns, 1883 (Anthozoa: Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4319 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
RALF T. S. CORDEIRO ◽  
STEPHEN D. CAIRNS ◽  
CARLOS D. PEREZ
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Continental Margins ◽  
Undescribed Species ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
One New Species

Radicipes is an octocoral genus composed of whip-like chrysogorgiids. Representatives of this group, also called ‘pigtails’, occur in almost all continental margins around the globe. Since its description in the 19th century, no comprehensive revision of this genus has been made. Thus, we present herein a revision of Radicipes, with descriptions of previously known species and one new species, Radicipes stonei. Type specimens from several museums were examined and seven species are considered valid. A distribution map of the genus and illustrations for all species are provided and a brief discussion is given on the possibility of additional undescribed species. 

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