scholarly journals Tactile distance illusions reflect a coherent stretch of tactile space

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 1238-1243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federico Fiori ◽  
Matthew R. Longo
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Distance Perception ◽  
Classic Work ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
Sinusoidal Pattern ◽  
Apparent Deviation ◽  
Palm Of The Hand ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
True Structure

Illusions of the perception of distance between two touches on the skin have been described since the classic work of Weber in the 19th century. The perceptual mechanisms underlying such spatial distortions, however, remain poorly understood. One potential interpretation is that the representational space of touch is related to the true structure of the skin by a geometrically simple stretch. If distortions of tactile distance perception reflect a simple stretch of tactile space, perceived distance should vary predictably as a function of the orientation of the stimulus on the skin, showing a sinusoidal pattern. Here, we tested this prediction by obtained judgments of perceived tactile distance for pairs of touches aligned with eight orientations on the skin. Across four experiments, the results were highly consistent with this prediction, showing no apparent deviation from a model of simple stretch of tactile space. Similar results were apparent on both the dorsum and palm of the hand, as well as the forehead. These results show that spatial distortions of touch are well characterized by a geometrically simple stretch of tactile space.

Space of Deprivation

2017 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Sumit Chakrabarti
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
English Education ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
British Rule ◽  
Representational Space ◽  
The 19Th Century

A much neglected section of the 19th Century imperial bhadrolok population during British rule in India was the Bengali clerk or the kerani. While his English education and caste identity likened him to the middle-class gentleman, his pattern of work, low salary, lack of opportunities for improvement, pushed him closer to the labour class. But was this neglected section of the “bhadrolok” always without his representational space? In this paper, I shall study examples from clerks’ memoirs and from contemporary literature and read them alongside the violently repressive The Clerk’s Manual published in 1889, to see if the clerk was secretly discovering a heterotopia of his own.

scholarly journals The inverse law of habit: Psychology of passions and emotions

2013 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 21-32
Author(s):  
Miroslava Trajkovski
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Philosophical Investigation ◽  
Classic Work ◽  
General Law ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Physiological Research

The beginning of the 19th century, especially in France, is marked by a focus on the philosophical investigation of habit. A classic work is Influence de l?habitude sur la facult? de penser by Pierre Maine de Biran. This had been instigated by the physiological research of Marie Fran?ois Xavier Bichat, who stated the inverse law of habit: feeling (sentiment) is blunted by habit, whereas judgment owes to it its perfection. So the question is whether the inverse law implies that habituation has a negative influence on emotions, that it blunts them. In the paper I argue that the answer is negative if Maine de Biran?s version of the inverse law of habit is taken in the context of perceptual view of emotions. According to Maine de Biran sensation is blunted by habit, while perception is perfected. If emotion is a kind of perception of bodily reactions, then although due to habit there is a decrease of these reactions, the perception of them will in turn be sharpened. If we note that the general law behind the inverse law of habit is that there is an inverse ratio between passive and active experiences, then we may conclude that habit blunts passions, and perfects emotions.

scholarly journals Cabanis: między medycyną, rewolucją i filozofią

2019 ◽  
pp. 223-243
Author(s):  
Tomasz Chomiszczak
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Psychology ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
French Revolution ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fixed Position ◽  
Classic Work ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is concerned with quite forgotten character and work of Pierre Jean Georges Cabanis, a physician and philosopher, but also a strong supporter of the French Revolution from the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries. His main scientific opus was the dissertation On the relations between the physical and moral aspects of man (Rapports du physique et du moral de l’homme) first published in 1802 and then repeatedly resumed in the 19th century, but virtually unknown in Poland. His medical points of view originally corresponded with materialistic philosophy; however, they also took into account the role of the spiritual and mental aspects of a human – this “biological, thinking mechanism”, as Cabanis thought. An important role in his book was played by theories related to sensualism. Using modern terms, Cabanis created something like physiological psychology. According to him, the body, or more precisely its organs, take part in the creation of human thoughts which seem to be only the physiological result of brain perception. This classic work was often invoked by successive generations of doctors and thinkers; it even appeared in artistic prose. Cabanis himself has had a fixed position in research and scientific studies for over two centuries.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

Immigrant Arab Women in Chile during the Renaissance (Nahda), 1910s-1920s

1970 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Sarah Limorté
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Thematic Analysis ◽  
New World ◽  
Arab Women ◽  
Arab Woman ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

Levantine immigration to Chile started during the last quarter of the 19th century. This immigration, almost exclusively male at the outset, changed at the beginning of the 20th century when women started following their fathers, brothers, and husbands to the New World. Defining the role and status of the Arab woman within her community in Chile has never before been tackled in a detailed study. This article attempts to broach the subject by looking at Arabic newspapers published in Chile between 1912 and the end of the 1920s. A thematic analysis of articles dealing with the question of women or written by women, appearing in publications such as Al-Murshid, Asch-Schabibat, Al-Watan, and Oriente, will be discussed.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Book reviews

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-226
Author(s):  
Kurdish Studies
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Spatial Control ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Turkish State ◽  
The 19Th Century

Andrea Fischer-Tahir and Sophie Wagenhofer (edsF), Disciplinary Spaces: Spatial Control, Forced Assimilation and Narratives of Progress since the 19th Century, Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2017, 300 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-8376-3487-7).Ayşegül Aydın and Cem Emrence, Zones of Rebellion: Kurdish Insurgents and the Turkish State, Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 2015, 192 pp., (ISBN: 978-0-801-45354-0).Evgenia I. Vasil’eva, Yugo-Vostochniy Kurdistan v XVI-XIX vv. Istochnik po Istorii Kurdskikh Emiratov Ardelan i Baban. [South-Eastern Kurdistan in the XVI-XIXth cc. A Source for the Study of Kurdish Emirates of Ardalān and Bābān], St Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria, 2016. 176 pp., (ISBN 978-5-4469-0775-5).Karin Mlodoch, The Limits of Trauma Discourse: Women Anfal Survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq, Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2014, 541 pp., (ISBN: 978-3-87997-719-2). 

Calisthenics and bodyweight exercises: different concepts or scientific synonyms?

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
Leury Max Da Silva Chaves ◽  
Gabriel Vinicius Santos ◽  
Cauê La Scala Teixeira ◽  
Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Training Method ◽  
Benefit Ratio ◽  
Cost Benefit Ratio ◽  
The 19Th Century

 Bodyweight exercises (also popularly known as calisthenics) is a classic training method and its practice has been widespread since the 19th century, but little evidenced in the scientific literature over the years. This type of training aims to promote multi-system adaptations using body weight as an overload with no or few implements [1–3]. This characteristic makes exercise with body weight easy to apply, in addition to having an excellent cost-benefit ratio when compared to other training possibilities that require machines or materials [4,5].

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