scholarly journals On the use of group performance and rights for environmental protection and resource management

2018 ◽  
Vol 116 (12) ◽  
pp. 5285-5292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew J. Kotchen ◽  
Kathleen Segerson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Group Incentives ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Specific Policy ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Regulatory Interventions

Environmental and natural resource (ENR) policies that focus on group outcomes are common but have received relatively less attention from economists than policies based on individual behavior. Existing research tends to focus on particular contexts, such as water or air quality, fisheries, or land use. This paper discusses unifying themes of group performance policies, along with their advantages and disadvantages. We discuss a range of specific policy instruments, including group-based taxes, subsidies, and fixed penalties. We show how, in principle, group-based policies can be designed to achieve efficient provision of group-level environmental performance; however, in some cases, group policies can lead to suboptimal outcomes. We discuss the incentives for collaboration that can arise when regulators impose group performance policies, and the role that it can play in promoting efficient outcomes. We argue that the success of group-based policies will depend both on how the policy is designed (i.e., the external rewards and penalties) and on how the group operates. This implies potential complementarities between “top-down” regulatory interventions based on group performance and “bottom-up” within-group incentives for self-governance. Our discussion suggests that group performance policies should play a more prominent role in the suite of policy instruments considered by scholars and policymakers concerned with ENR management.

Predicting Team Output Using Indices at Group Level

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 773-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amara Andrés ◽  
Lluís Salafranca ◽  
Antonio Solanas
Keyword(s):  
Work Performance ◽  
Team Member ◽  
Group Performance ◽  
Team Work ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Dissimilarity Index ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Mean And Variance ◽  
Explained Variance ◽  
Group Characteristics

The present study explores the usefulness of dyadic quantification of group characteristics to predict team work performance. After reviewing the literature regarding team member characteristics predicting group performance, percentages of explained variance between 3% and 18% were found. These studies have followed an individualistic approach to measure group characteristics (e. g., mean and variance), based on aggregation. The aim of the present work was testing whether by means of dyadic measures group output prediction percentage could be increased. The basis of dyadic measures is data obtained from an interdependent pairs of individuals. Specifically, the present research was intended to develop a new dyadic index to measure personality dissimilarity in groups and to explore whether dyadic measurements allow improving groups' outcome predictions compared to individualistic methods. By means of linear regression, 49.5 % of group performance variance was explained using the skewsymmetry and the proposed dissimilarity index in personality as predictors. These results support the usefulness of the dyadic approach for predicting group outcomes.

MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING TRACTOR-SPEED PROPERTIES OF THE VEHICLE: CHARACTERISTICS’ ANALYSIS IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
N. V. Savenkov ◽  
V. V. Ponyakin ◽  
S. A. Chekulaev ◽  
V. V. Butenko
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Force Transfer ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Loading Devices ◽  
Structural Solutions

Introduction. At present, stands with running drums are widely used for various types of tests. Power stands play a special role. Such stands take the mechanical power from the driving wheels of the car. This simulates the process of movement of the vehicle under operating conditions. Such equipment has various designs, principles of operation and performance. It is also used in tests that are different by purpose, development stages and types: research, control, certification, etc. Therefore, it is necessary in order to determine the traction-speed, fuel-efficient and environmental performance characteristics.Materials and methods. The paper provides the overview of the power stands with running drums, which are widespread on the domestic market. The authors carried out the analysis of the main structural solutions: schemes of force transfer between the wheel and the drum; types of loading devices; transmission layout schemes and features of the control and measuring complex. The authors also considered corresponding advantages and disadvantages, recommended spheres of application, demonstrated parameters and characteristics of the units’ workflow, presented components and equipment.Discussion and conclusions. The authors critically evaluate existing models of stands with running drums. Such information is useful for choosing serial models of stands and for developing technical tasks for designing or upgrading the equipment.

Application of failure mode and effects analysis to reduce microplastic emissions

2021 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2110031
Author(s):  
Ana Pires ◽  
Paula Sobral
Keyword(s):  
Failure Mode ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Heuristic Technique ◽  
Single Use ◽  
Regulatory Measures ◽  
Plastic Products

A complete understanding of the occurrence of microplastics and the methods to eliminate their sources is an urgent necessity to minimize the pollution caused by microplastics. The use of plastics in any form releases microplastics to the environment. Existing policy instruments are insufficient to address microplastics pollution and regulatory measures have focussed only on the microbeads and single-use plastics. Fees on the use of plastic products may possibly reduce their usage, but effective management of plastic products at their end-of-life is lacking. Therefore, in this study, the microplastic–failure mode and effect analysis (MP–FMEA) methodology, which is a semi-qualitative approach capable of identifying the causes and proposing solutions for the issue of microplastics pollution, has been proposed. The innovative feature of MP–FMEA is that it has a pre-defined failure mode, that is, the release of microplastics to air, water and soil (depending on the process) or the occurrence of microplastics in the final product. Moreover, a theoretical recycling plant case study was used to demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of this method. The results revealed that MP–FMEA is an easy and heuristic technique to understand the failure-effect-causes and solutions for reduction of microplastics and can be applied by researchers working in different domains apart from those relating to microplastics. Future studies can include the evaluation of the use of MP–FMEA methodology along with quantitative methods for effective reduction in the release of microplastics.

scholarly journals Circular Agreements—Exploring the Role of Agreements and Deals as a Political Tool for a Circular Economy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Circular Economy ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Alternative Form ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Free Rider Problem ◽  
Political Governance ◽  
The Eu

AbstractA problem for a circular economy, embedded in its policies, tools, technologies and models, is that it is driven by the interests and needs of producers, rather than customers and users. This opinion paper focuses on an alternative form of governance—agreements, which thanks to their bargaining approach brings actors from across the value chain into the policy process. The purpose of this opinion paper is to uncover and analyse the potential of such agreements for a circular economy. Circular agreements aim at increasing the circulation of materials and are an emerging form of political governance within the EU. These agreements have different names, involve different actors and govern in different ways. However, circular agreements seem to work when other types of regulations fail to establish circulation. These agreements bring actors together and offer a platform for negotiating how advantages and disadvantages can be redistributed between actors in a way that is more suitable for a circular economy. However, circular agreements are dependent on other policy instruments to work and can generate a free-rider problem with uninvolved actors. The agreements may also become too detailed and long term, which leads to problem shifting and lock-ins, respectively.

scholarly journals Ownership of personal data in the Internet of Things

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaclav Janecek
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Personal Information ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Policy Debates ◽  
Future Work ◽  
The Internet Of Things

This article analyses, defines, and refines the concepts of ownership and personal data to explore their compatibility in the context of EU law. It critically examines the traditional dividing line between personal and non-personal data and argues for a strict conceptual separation of personal data from personal information. The article also considers whether, and to what extent, the concept of ownership can be applied to personal data in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). This consideration is framed around two main approaches shaping all ownership theories: a bottom-up and top-down approach. Via these dual lenses, the article reviews existing debates relating to four elements supporting introduction of ownership of personal data, namely the elements of control, protection, valuation, and allocation of personal data. It then explores the explanatory advantages and disadvantages of the two approaches in relation to each of these elements as well as to ownership of personal data in IoT at large. Lastly, the article outlines a revised approach to ownership of personal data in IoT that may serve as a blueprint for future work in this area and inform regulatory and policy debates.

scholarly journals Relative deprivation and intergroup competition

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 685-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Halevy ◽  
Eileen Y. Chou ◽  
Taya R. Cohen ◽  
Gary Bornstein
Keyword(s):  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Prisoner’S Dilemma ◽  
Group Level ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Destructive Behavior ◽  
Intergroup Competition ◽  
Group Outcomes ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Collective Efficiency ◽  
Individual Participation

Two experiments utilized a new experimental paradigm—the Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma— Maximizing Difference (IPD-MD) game—to study how relative deprivation at the group level affects intergroup competition. The IPD-MD game enables group members to make a costly contribution to either a within-group pool that benefits fellow ingroup members, or a between-group pool, which, in addition, harms outgroup members. We found that when group members were put in a disadvantaged position, either by previous actions of the outgroup (Experiment 1) or by random misfortune (Experiment 2), they contributed substantially more to the competitive between-group pool. This destructive behavior both minimized inequality between the groups and reduced collective efficiency. Our results underscore the conditions that lead group members to care about relative (rather than absolute) group outcomes and highlight the need to differentiate between the motivation to get ahead and the motivation not to fall behind: the latter, it appears, is what motivates individual participation in destructive intergroup competition.

scholarly journals Methodology for assessing the environmental characteristics of various methods of generating electricity

2019 ◽  
Vol 140 ◽  
pp. 09001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Gryznova ◽  
Vadim Davydov ◽  
Yuri Batov ◽  
Valentin Dudkin ◽  
Danila Puz’ko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Environmental Efficiency ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The article considers the energy efficiency of energy production from various types of fuel. The analysis of the negative impact of the use of various types of fuel on the environment. The most significant indicators for assessing the environmental efficiency of the use of fuel for electricity production are established. A comparison is made with the performance indicators that are currently used. The advantages and disadvantages are established. The necessity of developing a more effective methodology for assessing environmental performance is substantiated. A new methodology for assessing the environmental efficiency of using various methods for the production of electricity is proposed. Research results are presented.

Outcomes of Participatory Decision Making

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 226-247
Author(s):  
Marsela Dauti
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Citizen Participation ◽  
Democratic Participation ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Participatory Decision Making ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Local Elite ◽  
Decentralized Governance ◽  
Participation In Decision Making

Citizen participation in decision making is being promoted in many countries transitioning from centralized to decentralized governance. Despite their common underlying premise, participatory programs vary in scope and nature. This study investigates the outcomes of promoting citizen participation in decision making in the municipality of Kuçova (Albania) where participation did not emerge from the community but rather was promoted by municipal leaders. Findings suggest that a top-down approach to participation in tandem with a bottom-up approach can be promising in a context that lacks a tradition of democratic participation. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the participatory program and draw several conclusions for promoting participation in decision making in a context characterized by a strong legacy of centralized governance and distrustful relationships between the local elite and community members.

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