scholarly journals Long-term decline in intergenerational mobility in the United States since the 1850s

2019 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Song ◽  
Catherine G. Massey ◽  
Karen A. Rolf ◽  
Joseph P. Ferrie ◽  
Jonathan L. Rothbaum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Relative Stability ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Term Trends

We make use of newly available data that include roughly 5 million linked household and population records from 1850 to 2015 to document long-term trends in intergenerational social mobility in the United States. Intergenerational mobility declined substantially over the past 150 y, but more slowly than previously thought. Intergenerational occupational rank–rank correlations increased from less than 0.17 to as high as 0.32, but most of this change occurred to Americans born before 1900. After controlling for the relatively high mobility of persons from farm origins, we find that intergenerational social mobility has been remarkably stable. In contrast with relative stability in rank-based measures of mobility, absolute mobility for the nonfarm population—the fraction of offspring whose occupational ranks are higher than those of their parents—increased for birth cohorts born prior to 1900 and has fallen for those born after 1940.

scholarly journals The Land of Opportunity? Trends in Social Mobility and Education in the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forian Hertel ◽  
Fabian T. Pfeffer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Mobility ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Long Term Trends

This contribution provides insights into the long-term trends of intergenerational mobility of men and women born in the United States. We study both absolute and relative social mobility and analyze in some detail the relation between education and intergenerational mobility. By doing so, we provide some insights into possible drivers of relative mobility trends in the United States.

Is the United States Still a Land of Opportunity? Recent Trends in Intergenerational Mobility

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 141-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raj Chetty ◽  
Nathaniel Hendren ◽  
Patrick Kline ◽  
Emmanuel Saez ◽  
Nicholas Turner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Income Distribution ◽  
Intergenerational Mobility ◽  
Transition Probabilities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
The Past ◽  
Percentile Rank ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
New Evidence

We present new evidence on trends in intergenerational mobility in the United States using administrative earnings records. We find that percentile rank-based measures of intergenerational mobility have remained extremely stable for the 1971-1993 birth cohorts. For children born between 1971 and 1986, we measure intergenerational mobility based on the correlation between parent and child income percentile ranks. For more recent cohorts, we measure mobility as the correlation between a child's probability of attending college and her parents' income rank. We also calculate transition probabilities, such as a child's chances of reaching the top quintile of the income distribution starting from the bottom quintile. Based on all of these measures, we find that children entering the labor market today have the same chances of moving up in the income distribution (relative to their parents) as children born in the 1970s. However, because inequality has risen, the consequences of the “birth lottery” - the parents to whom a child is born - are larger today than in the past.

scholarly journals The changing geography of social mobility in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (48) ◽  
pp. 30309-30317
Author(s):  
Dylan Shane Connor ◽  
Michael Storper
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Deep Roots ◽  
Geography Of Opportunity ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
New Evidence

New evidence shows that intergenerational social mobility—the rate at which children born into poverty climb the income ladder—varies considerably across the United States. Is this current geography of opportunity something new or does it reflect a continuation of long-term trends? We answer this question by constructing data on the levels and determinants of social mobility across American regions over the 20th century. We find that the changing geography of opportunity-generating economic activity restructures the landscape of intergenerational mobility, but factors associated with specific regional structures of interpersonal and racial inequality that have “deep roots” generate persistence. This is evident in the sharp decline in social mobility in the Midwest as economic activity has shifted away from it and the consistently low levels of opportunity in the South even as economic activity has shifted toward it. We conclude that the long-term geography of social mobility can be understood through the deep roots and changing economic fortunes of places.

scholarly journals American Engineering Doctoral Enrollments

2015 ◽  
pp. 23-24
Author(s):  
Richard Skinner
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
International Education ◽  
Doctoral Programs ◽  
The United States ◽  
American Higher Education ◽  
Long Term Trends

International education has deep historical roots and has spurred relationships that persist for decades. In the case of the United States and the field of engineering, American dependence since the mid-1960s on other countries' students – especially Indian ones – for enrollments and graduates of engineering doctoral programs has been, is and will likely continue to be significant. But long-term trends portend a time when the appeal of American higher education may be less than has been the case.

scholarly journals Long-term trends and drought: spatiotemporal variation in juvenile sex ratios of North American ducks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sage Ellis ◽  
Madeleine Lohman ◽  
James Sedinger ◽  
Perry Williams ◽  
Thomas Riecke
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
Sex Ratios ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Avian Communities ◽  
Eastern United States ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Long Term Trends

Sex ratios affect population dynamics and individual fitness, and changing sex ratios can be indicative of shifts in sex-specific survival at different life stages. While climate- and landscape-change alter sex ratios of wild bird populations, long-term, landscape scale assessments of sex ratios are rare. Further, little work has been done to understand changes in sex ratios in avian communities. In this manuscript, we analyse long-term (1961-2015) data on five species of ducks across five broad climatic regions of the United States to estimate the effects of drought and long-term trends on the proportion of juvenile females captured at banding. As waterfowl have a 1:1 sex ratio at hatch, we interpret changes in sex ratios of captured juveniles as changes in sex-specific survival rates during early life. Seven of twelve species-region pairs exhibited evidence for long-term trends in the proportion of juvenile females at banding. The proportion of juvenile females at banding increased for duck populations in the western United States and typically declined for duck populations in the eastern United States. We only observed evidence for an effect of drought in two of the twelve species-region pairs, where the proportion of females declined during drought. As changes to North American landscapes and climate continue and intensify, we expect continued changes in sex-specific juvenile survival rates. More broadly, we encourage further research examining the mechanisms underlying long-term trends in juvenile sex ratios in avian communities.

DIPHTHERIA IN THE UNITED STATES, 1959-1960

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-205
Author(s):  
Theodore C. Doege ◽  
Clark W. Heath ◽  
Ida L. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Long Term Trend

Diphtheria attack rates and cases, and to a much lesser extent case-fatality rates, have fallen steadily within the United States during the past 25 years. However, during 1959 and 1960 there was a halt in this long-term trend. Epidemiologic data on 868 clinical cases of diphtheria occurring in 1959 and 873 cases in 1960 were submitted to the Communicable Disease Center by 45 states. The cases and several major outbreaks tended to concentrate in the southern and southwestern states. Attack rates and deaths were highest for children under 10 years, and attack rates were more than five times greater for nonwhite children. Analysis of 1960 immunization data shows that 72% of the patients had received no immunizations. Fifty-five per cent of carriers, but only 18% of persons with bacteriologically confirmed cases, had received a primary series. Only 1 person of 58 fatal cases occurring in 1960 had received a primary series. Certain problems for future investigation, disclosed by the surveillance data, are discussed.

Long-term trends in cancer mortality in the United States, 1930-1998

Cancer ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 97 (S12) ◽  
pp. 3133-3275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phyllis A. Wingo ◽  
Cheryll J. Cardinez ◽  
Sarah H. Landis ◽  
Robert T. Greenlee ◽  
Lynn A. G. Ries ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cancer Mortality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Long Term Trends

Are We Investing Enough

1954 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 142-168
Author(s):  
A. K. Cairncross
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Life Assurance ◽  
The Future ◽  
Interesting Discussion ◽  
Long Term Trends

Mr. President and gentlemen, I should like to express my pleasure at being back in the Faculty Hall, where I was privileged to listen to your interesting discussion last year on “The Growth of Pension Rights”. I am glad to find that the number of occasions on which economists and actuaries are not only on speaking terms but able to take counsel of one another is increasing, for I am sure that there are many problems, of which the future of pensions is only one, that can only be satisfactorily resolved through our joint efforts and deliberations. This conviction rests partly on my experience as a member of the Phillips Committee, which was heavily dependent both on the actuaries who served on it and on the members of the profession who, in one way or another, helped it along; but it is a conviction that is just as forcibly brought home to me when I look across the Atlantic to the inquiry that has been in progress since 1950 into the long-term trends in savings and investment in the United States—an inquiry carried out by economists but sponsored and largely financed by the Life Assurance Association of America.

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