scholarly journals Civilian public sector employment as a long-run outcome of military conscription

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (43) ◽  
pp. 21456-21462
Author(s):  
Tim Johnson ◽  
Dalton Conley
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
The State ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
Selective Service ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Vietnam Era ◽  
Rule Out

Since at least T. H. Marshall, scholars have recognized military service as a form of sacrifice that warrants compensation from the state. War-widow pensions, expansion of the franchise, and subsidized higher education are all examples of rights and benefits “bestowed” in return for wartime mobilization. Similarly, in the United States, governments have hired veterans preferentially for civilian public jobs as recompense for active military service. Although oft overlooked, those policies seem influential: the percentage of job holders identifying as veterans in the civilian US executive branch exceeds the proportion in the wider population by several multiples. This century-old pattern suggests another way that wartime mobilization has influenced the state. Yet, efforts to understand it have struggled to rule out the possibility that those who serve in the armed forces are predisposed to work for the state in both military and civilian capacities. Here, we rule out this possibility by examining whether birthdates randomly called for induction in the Vietnam-Era Selective Service Lotteries (VSSL) appear disproportionately in the population of nonsensitive personnel records of the civilian US executive branch. We find that birthdates called for induction appear with unusually high frequency among employees who were draft eligible and at risk for induction but not among other employees. This finding suggests a treatment effect from military service, thus dovetailing with the hypothesis that wartime mobilization has substantially and continually influenced who works in the contemporary administrative state.

Numbers Assigned in the Vietnam-Era Selective Service Lotteries Influence the Military Service Decisions of Children Born to Draft-Eligible Men

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Johnson ◽  
Christopher T. Dawes ◽  
Matt McGue ◽  
William G. Iacono
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Selective Service ◽  
Vietnam Era ◽  
The Military ◽  
The U.S

Previous research has reported correlations between the military service records of parents and their children. Those studies, however, have not determined whether a parent’s military service causally influences an offspring’s participation in the armed forces. To investigate the possibility of a causal relationship, we examined whether lottery numbers issued to draft-eligible men during the U.S. Vietnam-era Selective Service Lotteries influenced the military participation of those men’s children. Our study found higher rates of military participation among children born to fathers whose randomly assigned numbers were called for induction. Furthermore, we perform statistical analyses indicating that the influence of lottery numbers on the subsequent generation’s military participation operated through the military service of draft-eligible men as opposed to mechanisms unrelated to service such as “draft dodging.” These findings provide evidence of a causal link between the military service of parents and their children.

National Innovation Systems and Innovation in Nations

2020 ◽  
pp. 348-381
Author(s):  
B. Zorina Khan
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
The United States ◽  
Innovation Systems ◽  
The State ◽  
National Innovation Systems ◽  
Useful Knowledge ◽  
American Experience ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Long Run

Selective case studies of the post–World War II economy have given rise to claims that national innovation systems, or dirigiste linkages between the state, universities, and industry, are required for technological change and economic growth. The long-run patterns of innovation in the leading nations of Britain, France, and the United States suggest otherwise. Administered systems, where key economic decisions were made by elites, the state, and other privileged groups, typically were associated with monopsonies and the misallocation of resources and talent. By contrast, the American experience highlights the central role of markets in ideas and decentralized incentives for innovation, in concert with flexible open-access adjacent institutions, in promoting useful knowledge and sustained technological progress.

scholarly journals Schooling and the Vietnam-Era GI Bill: Evidence from the Draft Lottery

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 96-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua D Angrist ◽  
Stacey H Chen
Keyword(s):  
Vietnam Veterans ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Causal Effects ◽  
Gi Bill ◽  
Economic Return ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Vietnam Era ◽  
Draft Lottery

Draft-lottery estimates of the causal effects of Vietnam-era military service using 2000 census data show marked schooling gains for veterans. We argue that these gains can be attributed to Vietnam veterans' use of the GI Bill rather than draft avoidance behavior. At the same time, draft lottery estimates of the earnings consequences of Vietnam-era service are close to zero in 2000. The earnings and schooling results can be reconciled by a flattening of the age-earnings profile in middle age and a modest economic return to the schooling subsidized by the GI Bill. Other long-run consequences of Vietnam-era service include increases in migration and public sector employment. (JEL H52, I22, I23, J24, J31, J45)

Who Gets to Have a DREAM? Examining Public Support for Immigration Reform

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 527-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey P. R. Wallace ◽  
Sophia Jordán Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Public Support ◽  
College Education ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Immigration Reform ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Mass Attitudes ◽  
Attitudes Toward Immigration

This article assesses how different notions of citizenship shape mass attitudes toward immigration reform. We examine the underpinnings of the military service and college education provisions that were at the center of the 2010 DREAM Act, which sought to provide a path to citizenship for undocumented immigrant youth in the United States. Employing a survey experiment on a nationally representative US sample, we unpack the extent to which the mass public is willing to support immigration reform based on criteria tied to undocumented immigrants’ educational attainment or enlistment in the armed forces. While education has little effect on its own, military service significantly increases public support for a pathway to citizenship. The positive effect of military service endures when it is paired with less popular provisions, suggesting that a military criterion can serve as a basis of support for broader immigration legislation. Moreover, the effects are strongest for those groups who are traditionally viewed as being most opposed to immigration reforms that expand access to citizenship. The results of this study have implications for public attitudes toward immigration, the persistence of the citizen-soldier ideal, and the importance of framing in the policy-making process.

STATE EXTERNAL SECURITY MODEL IN POLITICAL THOUGHT OF LAW AND JUSTICE

2011 ◽  
Vol 161 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-231
Author(s):  
Joanna SANECKA-TYCZYŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
State Government ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Conservative Party ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Security Model ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Law And Justice

Law and Justice (PiS) is a conservative party founded by Jaroslaw Kaczynski and Lech Kaczynski in 2001. Law and Justice had a coherent idea of the State covering the ideological basis, the model of state system and the organization of state power and national security. The problem of national security for PiS was of utmost importance - associated with the raison d'état. External security was a priority for the state government. In the political thought of Law and Justice, the Polish external security model is based on three pillars. The first and most important pillar was military cooperation with the United States within NATO. PiS politicians were in favour of the Atlantic international security model of the guiding role of NATO. The second pillar was the armed forces. The third one, extra security, was the pillar of the Polish membership in the European Union.

History and Memory of Female Military Service in the Age of World Wars

2020 ◽  
pp. 469-497
Author(s):  
Karen Hagemann
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Home Front ◽  
History And Memory ◽  
War Powers ◽  
The Soviet Union

During the First and Second World Wars, women’s wartime service became increasingly important for the functioning of the home front and battlefront in Britain, Germany, Russia, the United States, and other war-powers. Hundreds of thousands of women served in the militaries of the belligerents during World War II. Scholars estimate that the percentage of women in the Allied armed forces reached up to 2–3 percent. The number of women in military service in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union was especially high, but only in the latter were they officially enlisted as soldiers. Despite their numbers and importance, until recently, mainstream historiography and public memory have largely ignored women’s military service. This chapter takes a closer, comparative look at women’s wartime service in the Age of the World Wars in history and memory and explains the paradox that while it was increasingly needed, it has long been downplayed and overlooked in public perception and memory in all war powers and across the ideological divide of the Cold War.

scholarly journals HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF MILITARY-TECHNICAL COOPERATION UKRAINE-NATO AT THE PRESENT STAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (30) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
Pavlo Prokhovnyk
Keyword(s):  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Defense Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Technical Cooperation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Dialogue ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hybrid War ◽  
The Military

The article analyzes the history of the development of military-technical cooperation between Ukraine and NATO as one of the defining areas of international military partnership. Taking into account specific historical circumstances and external aggression by the Russian Federation, the importance of Ukraine’s military-technical cooperation with partner countries for the implementation of political goals and objectives of the state for the development of defense industry and national security is emphasized. Ukraine faced new types of threats in all spheres of the state’s life, in the military in particular, which required active assistance from partner countries. The realities of the hybrid war, which has targeted our country, require new approaches to ensuring the state sovereignty and territorial integrity of Ukraine, including by strengthening military partnerships with the European Union and the United States. In modern geopolitical, socio-economic, international legal, military-political conditions, the nature, forms and directions of Ukraine’s military partnership need to be rethought and clarified. Today, Ukraine’s military cooperation with NATO is of a strategic nature, the tasks of which can be grouped into four key areas: maintaining military-political dialogue; assistance in reforming and developing the Armed Forces of Ukraine; ensuring contribution to international security and peacekeeping; defense and technical cooperation. As a result of this study, NATO membership will open new opportunities for Ukraine’s competitive defense industries and lay the foundation for military-technical cooperation at the international level. In this context, the myth that Ukraine’s accession to NATO will involve the collapse of Ukraine’s defense industry through the introduction of new NATO military standards, requirements for rearmament for our army is completely eliminated.

scholarly journals Opening the State House Doors

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-44
Author(s):  
Ryan Mulvey ◽  
James Valvo
Keyword(s):  
Executive Branch ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Access ◽  
Freedom Of Information ◽  
Administrative State ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Legislative Branch ◽  
Comprehensive Survey ◽  
Basic Level

Freedom of Information (“FOI”) laws apply principally to the executive branch of government and the administrative state. Yet many state FOI statutes also provide access to legislative records, whether they have been created or obtained by individual legislators, committees, or legislative-branch agencies. A comprehensive survey of state FOI laws reveals trends in how such legislative records are treated. A minority of states, for example, categorically excludes legislative records from the scope of disclosure.  The remaining states provide at least some basic level of access, either in explicit terms or implied though judicial or executive-branch interpretation.  In the latter case, the interpretation of an FOI statute often involves consideration of broader context and the interplay of various provisions, including exemptions applicable only to legislative records.  Regardless, the data suggest a clear trend of interpreting state FOI laws to resolve any ambiguity in favor of public access.

Settler Military Politics: On the Inclusion and Recognition of Indigenous People in the Military

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Caso
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Settler Colonialism ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Military Organization ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Military Politics ◽  
Settler Society ◽  
The Military

Abstract After decades of refusal, neglect, and tacit admittance, the service of Indigenous people in the national armed forces of settler colonial states such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States is finally gaining acknowledgment. Indigenous people are now integrated in the regular forces and represented in national war commemoration. This article maintains that while inclusion and recognition of Indigenous military service is a positive transformation in the direction of post-colonial reconciliation, it still operates within the logics of settler colonialism intended to eradicate Indigenous stories of connection to land and assimilate Indigenous people in settler society. Using the case study of Indigenous militarization in Australia, this article argues that, under conditions of settler colonialism, the inclusion and recognition of Indigenous people in national militaries advances the settler colonial project intended to dispossess Indigenous people from their land and assimilate them in the new settler society. It highlights that historically, military organization has supported settler colonialism, and positions the present inclusion and recognition of Indigenous people in the military as a continuation of this history.

scholarly journals The Effects of Greenhouse Activities on Psychological Stress, Depression, and Anxiety among University Students Who Served in the U.S. Armed Forces

HortScience ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (12) ◽  
pp. 1834-1839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalie J. Kelley ◽  
Tina M. Waliczek ◽  
F. Alice Le Duc
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
University Students ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Care Program ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Student Veterans ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
The U.S

The mental health of the men and women who served in the U.S. Armed Forces is an area of great concern in the United States. Studies have shown the mental health of university students is also a concern with a growing need for support services and prevention measures. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of participation in particular greenhouse activities on depression, anxiety, and stress levels of students who served in the U.S. Armed Forces. The study included a control group and a treatment group. Participants completed a pre- and post 21-item Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) survey, along with a questionnaire designed to capture participants’ demographic information and information regarding their military service history. The treatment consisted of a 6-week indoor plant care program. Results of the study found that student veterans who participated in the plant care class had decreased levels of depression and stress when compared with the control group. In the post-test open-ended questions, student veterans described a noticeable feeling of reduced stress along with the ability to relax while having feelings of a sense of place (belonging). Participants also indicated that they would continue to grow plants as a hobby.

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