scholarly journals Deceleration of China’s human water use and its key drivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (14) ◽  
pp. 7702-7711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhou ◽  
Yan Bo ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Patrice Dumas ◽  
Qiuhong Tang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Entire Study Period ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Reduced Water

Increased human water use combined with climate change have aggravated water scarcity from the regional to global scales. However, the lack of spatially detailed datasets limits our understanding of the historical water use trend and its key drivers. Here, we present a survey-based reconstruction of China’s sectoral water use in 341 prefectures during 1965 to 2013. The data indicate that water use has doubled during the entire study period, yet with a widespread slowdown of the growth rates from 10.66 km3⋅y−2before 1975 to 6.23 km3⋅y−2in 1975 to 1992, and further down to 3.59 km3⋅y−2afterward. These decelerations were attributed to reduced water use intensities of irrigation and industry, which partly offset the increase driven by pronounced socioeconomic development (i.e., economic growth, population growth, and structural transitions) by 55% in 1975 to 1992 and 83% after 1992. Adoptions for highly efficient irrigation and industrial water recycling technologies explained most of the observed reduction of water use intensities across China. These findings challenge conventional views about an acceleration in water use in China and highlight the opposing roles of different drivers for water use projections.

Analysis of extreme rains through climate indicators in the context of climate change in southern Benin

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1b) ◽  
pp. C20A01-1-C20A01-33
Author(s):  
Ferdinand Sourou HOUNVOU ◽  
◽  
K. F. Guedje ◽  
Hilaire Kougbeagbede ◽  
Adebiyi Joseph Adechinan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
West Africa ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Entire Study Period ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Climate Indicators ◽  
Large Growth ◽  
Southern Benin ◽  
Heavy Rains

The recurrence of flooding in recent years in West Africa is dramatically affecting the socio-economic system of most countries in the region. This work is devoted to the analysis of the heavy rains of its last years in the context of global warming in subequatorial Benin through eight rainfall indicators. For this purpose, the daily rains collected at seventeen stations in the south of Benin between 1960 and 2018, the maximum and minimum daily temperatures of the two synoptic stations in the study area between 1970 and 2018 are used. Analysis of the results shows a non-uniform trend in rainfall indicators over the entire study period. The monthly trend is in accordance with the bimodal rain regime of southern Benin for each of the climatic indicators studied. After the break in the downward trend in rainfall in the 1980s or 1990s at the various stations, the last three decades have been marked above all by ten-year averages of the various indicators that are higher than those obtained over the entire study period. Despite the low proportion of extreme rains, their frequency has increased since the resumption of rainfall in the 1980s or 1990s, especially compared to the 1970s and 1980s. The highest heights are observed for the most part in the towns close to the sea Atlantic Ocean. Global warming in southern Benin is characterized above all by high decadal temperature variation rates in the 1990s. This significant global warming in this pivotal decade is accompanied by relatively large growth in all indicators in southern Benin.

It’s a Consumptagenic World

2019 ◽  
pp. 57-112
Author(s):  
Sharon Friel
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Health Equity ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Food System ◽  
Health Inequity ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
Climate Change And Health

This chapter identifies a system in which some of the key drivers of health inequity fuel climate change, which in turn fuels further inequity. This process is based on excessive production and consumption; it constitutes a consumptagenic system. The chapter tracks the evolution of the consumptagenic system through the globalization of a market-based and fossil fuel–dependent economic system. It describes the addiction of this system to economic growth as the ultimate goal and to forms of consumption that are highly polluting. The last parts of the chapter focus on the roles of an industrial food system and urbanization as two central cogs in the consumptagenic system that is pushing our planet toward irreparable destabilization. The subsequent impacts, from climate change and health equity, of both of these systems (industrial food system and urbanization) are then described.

scholarly journals A Decoupling Analysis of the Crop Water Footprint Versus Economic Growth in Beijing, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Huang ◽  
Mengqi Wang ◽  
Zhongren Zhou ◽  
Yajuan Yu ◽  
Yixing Bi
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Social Economy ◽  
Agricultural Water ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Agricultural Water Use

Beijing, the capital of China, is experiencing a serious lack of water, which is becoming a main factor in the restriction of the development of the social economy. Due to the low economic efficiency and high consumption proportion of agricultural water use, the relationship between economic growth and agricultural water use is worth investigating. The “decoupling” index is becoming increasingly popular for identifying the degree of non-synchronous variation between resource consumption and economic growth. However, few studies address the decoupling between the crop water consumption and agricultural economic growth. This paper involves the water footprint (WF) to assess the water consumption in the crop production process. After an evaluation of the crop WF in Beijing, this paper applies the decoupling indicators to examine the occurrence of non-synchronous variation between the agricultural gross domestic product (GDP) and crop WF in Beijing from 1981 to 2013. The results show that the WF of crop production in 2013 reduced by 62.1% compared to that in 1980 — in total, 1.81 × 109 m3. According to the decoupling states, the entire study period is divided into three periods. From 1981 to 2013, the decoupling states represented seventy-five percent of the years from 1981 to 1992 (Period I) with a moderate decoupling degree, more than ninety percent from 1993 to 2003 (Period II) with a very strong decoupling degree and moved from non-decoupling to strong decoupling from 2004 to 2013 (Period III). Adjusting plantation structure, technology innovation and raising awareness of water-saving, may promote the decoupling degree between WF and agricultural GDP in Beijing.

scholarly journals Instability and Trend in Area, Production and Productivity of Rice Crop in Haryana and India

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Mohit Nain ◽  
Nisha . ◽  
Sanjeev . ◽  
D. R. Aneja
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
State Level ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Entire Study Period ◽  
Exponential Functions ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Positive Growth ◽  
Negative Growth

The study examined the performance of rice production in Haryana and India during 47 years period, 1966/1967 to 2012/2013, consisting of five sub-periods i.e. P-I (1966/1967 to 1975/1976), P-II (1976/1977 to 1985/1986), P-III (1986/1987 to 1995/1996), P-IV (1996/1997 to 2005/2006) and P-V (2006/2007 to 2012/2013). Quantitative analysis is used to perform linear and exponential functions estimation using exclusively secondary data. The study reveals positive trends in area, production and yield of rice for both Haryana and India. The production of rice at the state level and at country level increased mainly due to increase in area. Similar results are obtained on triennium bases. Area, production and yield of rice crop have shown positive growth rates in Haryana during entire study period and five sub-periods, except for the yield in P-V. The overall trend in production of rice crop for India was found to be similar to that of Haryana; yield has shown positive growth rates during the entire study period and five sub-periods while negative growth rates were observed in area under the rice crop during P- IV and P-V.

Growth and Instability of Exports of Vegetable Products from India

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasavada, K.M.*
Keyword(s):  
Trade Liberalization ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Export Price ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Entire Study Period ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Vegetable Products

The study examined the growth and instability of vegetable products exports from India during 1996-97 to 2019-20. The results indicated positive and significant growth rates of Indian export for all the vegetable products under study for both the periods and also for the overall period. During overall period, onion fresh and cucumber registered positive and significant growth rates both in terms of export quantity and export value. However, export price of all the products declined significantly during the period of study. In terms of export quantity and value of vegetable products, none of the product showed low instability during the entire study period. In case of export price, low to medium instability was observed in majority of the vegetable products. By analyzing the growth and instability parameters during overall period none of the countries reported to have desirable situation of high growth with low instability in case of export quantity, value and price of vegetable products. The trade liberalization after the entry of WTO led to increase in competition between the countries which resulted into higher instability in the export of products.

scholarly journals Economic dimensions of the climate change challenge for sustainable development in Russia

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 400-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Porfiriev
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Socioeconomic Development ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Industrial Emissions ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
Best Available Technologies ◽  
Institutional Economic

The issues involved in choosing an effective response to the challenge of climate change are considered. The paradigm of a low-carbon economy is analyzed critically using the criterion of stabilizing global warming so that it does not exceed 2°С warming by the end of the 21st century. The criteria of improving citizens’ quality of life and providing for sustainable economic growth are also important. Efficient actions that minimize the risks to socioeconomic development posed by climate change will require the implementation of an integrated set of institutional, economic, and technological measures. High-priority actions include: fostering economic growth by increasing the effectiveness of production using the best-available technologies for resource processing and management; reducing the hazardous impact of industrial emissions on the environment and human health; adaptation and protection of communities and ecosystems against industrial waste and climate change; and alleviation of the accumulated negative effects resulting from climate change. These priorities will help in mitigating the present and future hazardous impacts of technology on the environment.

Balancing Water Demands and Increasing Climate Resilience: Establishing a Baseline Water Risk Assessment Model in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zablon Adane ◽  
Tinebeb Yohannes ◽  
Eliza Swedenborg
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Water Withdrawal ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
Climate Resilience ◽  
Water Demands ◽  
The Government

Water is essential to sustainable economic growth and climate change adaptation. Ethiopia’s growth and development are vulnerable to water security risks. Despite being known as the “water tower of Africa,” Ethiopia is naturally exposed to highly variable rainfall. Climate change and economic growth across sectors are increasing competing water demands. Recognizing these challenges, the Government of Ethiopia has identified balancing water demands and improving climate resilience as national priorities. Managing water risks requires decision-relevant water risk information. Water managers need to understand hydrological cycles and water use across society to ensure secure and sustainable water availability across sectors. Decision-makers in other sectors also need to understand their exposure to water risks to reduce their vulnerability. However, in Ethiopia, the data required to understand water risks are often lacking or outdated, and the modeling required to assess risks can be complex and resource intensive. This technical note describes the data and methodological approaches used to develop the baseline water risk model, presenting the results at a subbasin level. WRI developed new geospatially-explicit water withdrawal and consumption estimates for irrigation, livestock, domestic, and industry water use in Ethiopia, representing a 2015 baseline. We also extracted 36 years of remotely-sensed data to generate subbasin-level renewable water resources estimates.

scholarly journals Convergence of Higher Education and Economic Growth during the European Construction: A Contribution to the Cliometrics of Growth (EU-15)

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Diebolt ◽  
Magali Jaoul-Grammare
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic And Monetary Union ◽  
Convergence Criteria ◽  
Entire Study Period ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Entire Study ◽  
Joint Determination ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Point Of Departure

With the Treaty of Maastricht, European states committed themselves to the pathway of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). Admission to EMU assumes respect for certain so-called ‘convergence criteria’. In spite of this joint determination to achieve harmonisation, education, one of the most important socio-economic fields, remains in the hands of the member states. With this as the point of departure, this article is aimed at checking whether the construction of Europe was accompanied by convergence in terms of per capita gross domestic product (GDP) and in terms of the development of higher education. Results show that depending on whether examination is performed on a stage-by-stage basis or for the entire study period, the development of higher education precedes or follows economic development.

Impacts of Paris Agreement on Russian economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 76-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. Makarov ◽  
C. Henry ◽  
V. P. Sergey
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Economic Policy ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Paris Agreement ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Climate Policies

The paper applies multiregional CGE Economic Policy Projection and Analysis (EPPA) model to analyze major risks the Paris Agreement on climate change adopted in 2015 brings to Russia. The authors come to the conclusion that if parties of the Agreement meet their targets that were set for 2030 it may lead to the decrease of average annual GDP growth rates by 0.2-0.3 p. p. Stricter climate policies beyond this year would bring GDP growth rates reduction in2035-2050 by additional 0.5 p. p. If Russia doesn’t ratify Paris Agreement, these losses may increase. In order to mitigate these risks, diversification of Russian economy is required.

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