scholarly journals Simple spike dynamics of Purkinje cells in the macaque vestibulo-cerebellum during passive whole-body self-motion

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (6) ◽  
pp. 3232-3238
Author(s):  
Jean Laurens ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki
Keyword(s):  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Otolith Organs ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Position Signal ◽  
Selective Population ◽  
Body Self ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Self Motion

Theories of cerebellar functions posit that the cerebellum implements internal models for online correction of motor actions and sensory estimation. As an example of such computations, an internal model resolves a sensory ambiguity where the peripheral otolith organs in the inner ear sense both head tilts and translations. Here we exploit the response dynamics of two functionally coupled Purkinje cell types in the vestibular part of the caudal vermis (lobules IX and X) to understand their role in this computation. We find that one population encodes tilt velocity, whereas the other, translation-selective, population encodes linear acceleration. We predict that an intermediate neuronal type should temporally integrate the output of tilt-selective cells into a tilt position signal.

scholarly journals Simple spike dynamics of Purkinje cells in the macaque vestibulo-cerebellum reflect sensory prediction error

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Laurens ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Error ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Otolith Organs ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
On Line ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Sensory Prediction

AbstractTheories of cerebellar functions posit that the cerebellum implements forward models for online correction of motor actions and sensory estimation. As an example of such computations, a forward model compensates for a sensory ambiguity where the peripheral otolith organs in the inner ear sense both head tilts and translations. Here we exploit the response dynamics of two functionally-coupled Purkinje cell types in the caudal vermis to understand their role in this computation. We find that one population encodes tilt velocity, whereas the other, translation-selective, population encodes linear acceleration. Using a dynamical model, we further show that these signals likely represent sensory prediction error for the on-line updating of tilt and translation estimates. These properties also reveal the need for temporal integration between the tilt-selective velocity and translation-selective acceleration population signals. We show that a simple model incorporating a biologically plausible short time constant can mediate the required temporal integration.

Responses of interneurons in the cat cervical cord to vestibular tilt stimulation

1986 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1147-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Schor ◽  
I. Suzuki ◽  
S. J. Timerick ◽  
V. J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Cervical Cord ◽  
Otolith Organs ◽  
Phase Lag ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Decerebrate Cat ◽  
Propriospinal Neurons

The responses of interneurons in the cervical spinal cord of the decerebrate cat to whole-body tilt were studied with a goal of identifying spinal elements in the production of forelimb vestibular postural reflexes. Interneurons both in the cervical enlargement and at higher levels, from which propriospinal neurons have been identified, were examined, both in animals with intact labyrinths and in animals with nonfunctional semicircular canals (canal plugged). Most cervical interneurons responding to tilt respond best to rotations in vertical planes aligned within 30 degrees of the roll plane. Two to three times as many neurons are excited by side-up roll tilt as are excited by side-down roll. In cats with intact labyrinths, most responses have dynamics proportional either to (and in phase with) the position of the animal or to a sum of position and tilt velocity. This is consistent with input from both otolith organs and semicircular canals. In animals without functioning canals, the "velocity" response is absent. In a few cells (8 out of 76), a more complex response, characterized by an increasing gain and progressive phase lag, was observed. These response dynamics characterize the forelimb reflex in canal-plugged cats and have been previously observed in vestibular neurons in such preparations.

scholarly journals Distinct Representations of Body and Head motion are Dynamically Encoded by Purkinje cell Populations in the Macaque Cerebellum

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omid A Zobeiri ◽  
Kathleen E Cullen
Keyword(s):  
Postural Control ◽  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Body Position ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Motion ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Dynamic Representation ◽  
Self Motion

The ability to accurately control our posture and perceive spatial orientation during self-motion requires knowledge of the motion of both the head and body. However, whereas the vestibular sensors and nuclei directly encode head motion, no sensors directly encode body motion. Instead, the integration of vestibular and neck proprioceptive inputs is necessary to transform vestibular information into the body-centric reference frame required for postural control. The anterior vermis of the cerebellum is thought to play a key role in this transformation, yet how its Purkinje cells integrate these inputs or what information they dynamically encode during self-motion remains unknown. Here we recorded the activity of individual anterior vermis Purkinje cells in alert monkeys during passively applied whole-body, body-under-head, and head-on-body rotations. Most neurons dynamically encoded an intermediate representation of self-motion between head and body motion. Notably, these neurons responded to both vestibular and neck proprioceptive stimulation and showed considerable heterogeneity in their response dynamics. Furthermore, their vestibular responses demonstrated tuning in response to changes in head-on-body position. In contrast, a small remaining percentage of neurons sensitive only to vestibular stimulation unambiguously encoded head-in-space motion across conditions. Using a simple population model, we establish that combining responses from 40 Purkinje cells can explain the responses of their target neurons in deep cerebellar nuclei across all self-motion conditions. We propose that the observed heterogeneity in Purkinje cells underlies the cerebellum's capacity to compute the dynamic representation of body motion required to ensure accurate postural control and perceptual stability in our daily lives.

scholarly journals Self-motion facilitates echo-acoustic orientation in humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 140185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludwig Wallmeier ◽  
Lutz Wiegrebe
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Acoustic Cues ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Vestibular Input ◽  
Space Technique ◽  
Acoustic Space ◽  
Body Self ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
Blind Humans

The ability of blind humans to navigate complex environments through echolocation has received rapidly increasing scientific interest. However, technical limitations have precluded a formal quantification of the interplay between echolocation and self-motion. Here, we use a novel virtual echo-acoustic space technique to formally quantify the influence of self-motion on echo-acoustic orientation. We show that both the vestibular and proprioceptive components of self-motion contribute significantly to successful echo-acoustic orientation in humans: specifically, our results show that vestibular input induced by whole-body self-motion resolves orientation-dependent biases in echo-acoustic cues. Fast head motions, relative to the body, provide additional proprioceptive cues which allow subjects to effectively assess echo-acoustic space referenced against the body orientation. These psychophysical findings clearly demonstrate that human echolocation is well suited to drive precise locomotor adjustments. Our data shed new light on the sensory–motor interactions, and on possible optimization strategies underlying echolocation in humans.

Properties of Cerebellar Fastigial Neurons During Translation, Rotation, and Eye Movements

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 853-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aasef G. Shaikh ◽  
Fatema F. Ghasia ◽  
J. David Dickman ◽  
Dora E. Angelaki
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Rotational Motion ◽  
Translational Motion ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Cerebellar Nuclei ◽  
Otolith Organs ◽  
Response Dynamics ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Wide Range

The most medial of the deep cerebellar nuclei, the fastigial nucleus (FN), receives sensory vestibular information and direct inhibition from the cerebellar vermis. We investigated the signal processing in the primate FN by recording single-unit activities during translational motion, rotational motion, and eye movements. Firing rate modulation during horizontal plane translation in the absence of eye movements was observed in all non-eye-movement-sensitive cells and 26% of the pursuit eye-movement-sensitive neurons in the caudal FN. Many non-eye-movement-sensitive cells recorded in the rostral FN of three fascicularis monkeys exhibited convergence of signals from both the otolith organs and the semicircular canals. At low frequencies of translation, the majority of these rostral FN cells changed their firing rates in phase with head velocity rather than linear acceleration. As frequency increased, FN vestibular neurons exhibited a wide range of response dynamics with most cells being characterized by increasing phase leads as a function of frequency. Unlike cells in the vestibular nuclei, none of the rostral FN cells responded to rotational motion alone, without simultaneously exhibiting sensitivity to translational motion. Modulation during earth-horizontal axis rotation was observed in more than half (77%) of the neurons, although with smaller gains than during translation. In contrast, only 47% of the cells changed their firing rates during earth-vertical axis rotations in the absence of a dynamic linear acceleration stimulus. These response properties suggest that the rostral FN represents a main processing center of otolith-driven information for inertial motion detection and spatial orientation.

scholarly journals Selective deletion of SHIP-1 in hematopoietic cells in mice leads to severe lung inflammation involving ILC2 cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xujun Ye ◽  
Fengrui Zhang ◽  
Li Zhou ◽  
Yadong Wei ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Inflammation ◽  
Airway Remodeling ◽  
Pulmonary Inflammation ◽  
Hematopoietic Cells ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Lymphoid Cells ◽  
Whole Body

AbstractSrc homology 2 domain–containing inositol 5-phosphatase 1 (SHIP-1) regulates the intracellular levels of phosphotidylinositol-3, 4, 5-trisphosphate, a phosphoinositide 3–kinase (PI3K) product. Emerging evidence suggests that the PI3K pathway is involved in allergic inflammation in the lung. Germline or induced whole-body deletion of SHIP-1 in mice led to spontaneous type 2-dominated pulmonary inflammation, demonstrating that SHIP-1 is essential for lung homeostasis. However, the mechanisms by which SHIP-1 regulates lung inflammation and the responsible cell types are still unclear. Deletion of SHIP-1 selectively in B cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DC) or macrophages did not lead to spontaneous allergic inflammation in mice, suggesting that innate immune cells, particularly group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2 cells) may play an important role in this process. We tested this idea using mice with deletion of SHIP-1 in the hematopoietic cell lineage and examined the changes in ILC2 cells. Conditional deletion of SHIP-1 in hematopoietic cells in Tek-Cre/SHIP-1 mice resulted in spontaneous pulmonary inflammation with features of type 2 immune responses and airway remodeling like those seen in mice with global deletion of SHIP-1. Furthermore, when compared to wild-type control mice, Tek-Cre/SHIP-1 mice displayed a significant increase in the number of IL-5/IL-13 producing ILC2 cells in the lung at baseline and after stimulation by allergen Papain. These findings provide some hints that PI3K signaling may play a role in ILC2 cell development at baseline and in response to allergen stimulation. SHIP-1 is required for maintaining lung homeostasis potentially by restraining ILC2 cells and type 2 inflammation.

scholarly journals Rare genetic variants affecting urine metabolite levels link population variation to inborn errors of metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yurong Cheng ◽  
◽  
Pascal Schlosser ◽  
Johannes Hertel ◽  
Peggy Sekula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Inborn Errors Of Metabolism ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Inborn Errors ◽  
Data Links ◽  
Liver And Kidney ◽  
Constraint Based Modeling

AbstractMetabolite levels in urine may provide insights into genetic mechanisms shaping their related pathways. We therefore investigate the cumulative contribution of rare, exonic genetic variants on urine levels of 1487 metabolites and 53,714 metabolite ratios among 4864 GCKD study participants. Here we report the detection of 128 significant associations involving 30 unique genes, 16 of which are known to underlie inborn errors of metabolism. The 30 genes are strongly enriched for shared expression in liver and kidney (odds ratio = 65, p-FDR = 3e−7), with hepatocytes and proximal tubule cells as driving cell types. Use of UK Biobank whole-exome sequencing data links genes to diseases connected to the identified metabolites. In silico constraint-based modeling of gene knockouts in a virtual whole-body, organ-resolved metabolic human correctly predicts the observed direction of metabolite changes, highlighting the potential of linking population genetics to modeling. Our study implicates candidate variants and genes for inborn errors of metabolism.

Disruption of self-motion perception without vestibular reflex alteration in ménière’s disease

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mario Faralli ◽  
Michele Ori ◽  
Giampietro Ricci ◽  
Mauro Roscini ◽  
Roberto Panichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Meniere’S Disease ◽  
Menière’S Disease ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Meniere's Disease ◽  
Ménière’S Disease ◽  
Menière's Disease ◽  
Ocular Reflex ◽  
Ménière's Disease ◽  
Self Motion

BACKGROUND: Self-motion misperception has been observed in vestibular patients during asymmetric body oscillations. This misperception is correlated with the patient’s vestibular discomfort. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether or not self-motion misperception persists in post-ictal patients with Ménière’s disease (MD). METHODS: Twenty-eight MD patients were investigated while in the post-ictal interval. Self-motion perception was studied by examining the displacement of a memorized visual target after sequences of opposite directed fast-slow asymmetric whole body rotations in the dark. The difference in target representation was analyzed and correlated with the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) score. The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) and clinical tests for ocular reflex were also evaluated. RESULTS: All MD patients showed a noticeable difference in target representation after asymmetric rotation depending on the direction of the fast/slow rotations. This side difference suggests disruption of motion perception. The DHI score was correlated with the amount of motion misperception. In contrast, VOR and clinical trials were altered in only half of these patients. CONCLUSIONS: Asymmetric rotation reveals disruption of self-motion perception in MD patients during the post-ictal interval, even in the absence of ocular reflex impairment. Motion misperception may cause persistent vestibular discomfort in these patients.

How to use body tilt for the simulation of linear self motion

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 375-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.L. Groen ◽  
W. Bles
Keyword(s):  
Visual Motion ◽  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Stimulus Frequency ◽  
Flight Simulation ◽  
Body Tilt ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Motion Percept ◽  
Self Motion ◽  
Rate Limit ◽  
Pitch Tilt

We examined to what extent body tilt may augment the perception of visually simulated linear self acceleration. Fourteen subjects judged visual motion profiles of fore-aft motion at four different frequencies between 0.04âĂŞ0.33 Hz, and at three different acceleration amplitudes (0.44, 0.88 and 1.76 m / s 2 ). Simultaneously, subjects were tilted backward and forward about their pitch axis. The amplitude of pitch tilt was systematically varied. Using a two-alternative-forced-choice paradigm, psychometric curves were calculated in order to determine: 1) the minimum tilt amplitude required to generate a linear self-motion percept in more than 50% of the cases, and 2) the maximum tilt amplitude at which rotation remains sub-threshold in more than 50% of the cases. The results showed that the simulation of linear self motion became more realistic with the application of whole body tilt, as long as the tilt rate remained under the detection threshold of about 3 deg/s. This value is in close agreement with the empirical rate limit commonly used in flight simulation. The minimum required motion cue was inversely proportional to stimulus frequency, and increased with the amplitude of the visual displacement (rather than acceleration). As a consequence, the range of useful tilt stimuli became more critical with increasing stimulus frequency. We conclude that this psychophysical approach reveals valid parameters for motion driving algorithms used in motion base simulators.

Neural Processing of Gravito-Inertial Cues in Humans. IV. Influence of Visual Rotational Cues During Roll Optokinetic Stimuli

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 390-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. H. Zupan ◽  
D. M. Merfeld
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Gravitational Force ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Inertial Force ◽  
Linear Acceleration ◽  
Otolith Organs ◽  
Optokinetic Stimulation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Roll Tilt

Sensory systems often provide ambiguous information. For example, otolith organs measure gravito-inertial force (GIF), the sum of gravitational force and inertial force due to linear acceleration. However, according to Einstein's equivalence principle, a change in gravitational force due to tilt is indistinguishable from a change in inertial force due to translation. Therefore the central nervous system (CNS) must use other sensory cues to distinguish tilt from translation. For example, the CNS might use dynamic visual cues indicating rotation to help determine the orientation of gravity (tilt). This, in turn, might influence the neural processes that estimate linear acceleration, since the CNS might estimate gravity and linear acceleration such that the difference between these estimates matches the measured GIF. Depending on specific sensory information inflow, inaccurate estimates of gravity and linear acceleration can occur. Specifically, we predict that illusory tilt caused by roll optokinetic cues should lead to a horizontal vestibuloocular reflex compensatory for an interaural estimate of linear acceleration, even in the absence of actual linear acceleration. To investigate these predictions, we measured eye movements binocularly using infrared video methods in 17 subjects during and after optokinetic stimulation about the subject's nasooccipital (roll) axis (60°/s, clockwise or counterclockwise). The optokinetic stimulation was applied for 60 s followed by 30 s in darkness. We simultaneously measured subjective roll tilt using a somatosensory bar. Each subject was tested in three different orientations: upright, pitched forward 10°, and pitched backward 10°. Five subjects reported significant subjective roll tilt (>10°) in directions consistent with the direction of the optokinetic stimulation. In addition to torsional optokinetic nystagmus and afternystagmus, we measured a horizontal nystagmus to the right during and following clockwise (CW) stimulation and to the left during and following counterclockwise (CCW) stimulation. These measurements match predictions that subjective tilt in the absence of real tilt should induce a nonzero estimate of interaural linear acceleration and, therefore, a horizontal eye response. Furthermore, as predicted, the horizontal response in the dark was larger for Tilters ( n = 5) than for Non-Tilters ( n= 12).

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