scholarly journals Darwin’s naturalization conundrum can be explained by spatial scale

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (20) ◽  
pp. 10904-10910
Author(s):  
Daniel S. Park ◽  
Xiao Feng ◽  
Brian S. Maitner ◽  
Kacey C. Ernst ◽  
Brian J. Enquist
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Invasions ◽  
Spatial Scale ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Environmental Filtering ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nonnative Species ◽  
Native Flora ◽  
Observation Scale

Darwin proposed two seemingly contradictory hypotheses regarding factors influencing the outcome of biological invasions. He initially posited that nonnative species closely related to native species would be more likely to successfully establish, because they might share adaptations to the local environment (preadaptation hypothesis). However, based on observations that the majority of naturalized plant species in the United States belonged to nonnative genera, he concluded that the lack of competitive exclusion would facilitate the establishment of alien invaders phylogenetically distinct from the native flora (competition-relatedness hypothesis). To date, no consensus has been reached regarding these opposing hypotheses. Here, following Darwin, we use the flora of the United States to examine patterns of taxonomic and phylogenetic relatedness between native and nonnative taxa across thousands of nested locations ranging in size and extent, from local to regional scales. We find that the probability of observing the signature of environmental filtering over that of competition increases with spatial scale. Further, native and nonnative species tended to be less related in warm, humid environments. Our work provides an empirical assessment of the role of observation scale and climate in biological invasions and demonstrates that Darwin’s two opposing hypotheses need not be mutually exclusive.

scholarly journals Economic costs of biological invasions in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 151318
Author(s):  
Jean E. Fantle-Lepczyk ◽  
Phillip J. Haubrock ◽  
Andrew M. Kramer ◽  
Ross N. Cuthbert ◽  
Anna J. Turbelin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Biological Invasions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Costs

scholarly journals Checklist of marine and estuarine fishes from the Alaska–Yukon Border, Beaufort Sea, to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5053 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-285
Author(s):  
MILTON S. LOVE ◽  
JOSEPH J. BIZZARRO ◽  
A. MARIA CORNTHWAITE ◽  
BENJAMIN W. FRABLE ◽  
KATHERINE P. MASLENIKOV
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Maximum Size ◽  
Beaufort Sea ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nonnative Species ◽  
Estuarine Waters ◽  
Estuarine Fishes ◽  
Depth Ranges

This paper is a checklist of the fishes that have been documented, through both published and unpublished sources, in marine and estuarine waters, and out 200 miles, from the United States-Canadian border on the Beaufort Sea to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico. A minimum of 241 families and 1,644 species are known within this range, including both native and nonnative species. For each of these species, we include maximum size, geographic and depth ranges, whether it is native or nonnative, as well as a brief mention of any taxonomic issues.  

Sporulation Capacity and Longevity of Puccinia horiana Teliospores in Infected Chrysanthemum Leaves

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morris R. Bonde ◽  
Cristi L. Palmer ◽  
Douglas G. Luster ◽  
Susan E. Nester ◽  
Jason M. Revell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Report ◽  
White Rust ◽  
Teliospore Germination ◽  
Sporulation Capacity ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Puccinia Horiana

Puccinia horiana Henn., a quarantine-significant fungal pathogen and causal agent of chrysanthemum white rust (CWR), was first discovered in the United States in 1977 and later believed to have been eradicated. Recently, however, the disease has sporadically reappeared in the northeastern US. Possible explanations for the reappearance include survival of the pathogen in the local environment, and reintroduction from other locations. To determine the possibility that the pathogen might be overwintering in the field, we undertook the study described here. Results from the study showed that P. horiana teliospores, imbedded in infected leaves, were capable of sporulating 2 weeks after inoculation, and this capacity continued until the leaf became necrotic and desiccated. This is the first report of the extreme susceptibility of P. horiana teliospores to leaf necrosis and desiccation and suggests that field infections following winter are unlikely to originate from teliospores. Teliospore germination on excised leaves was shown to be inhibited by light. Accepted for publication 3 April 2013. Published 23 August 2013.

scholarly journals Differences in seed properties and germination between native and introduced populations of Triadica sebifera

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialiang Zhang ◽  
Evan Siemann ◽  
Baoliang Tian ◽  
Wei Huang ◽  
Jianqing Ding
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Soluble Protein ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Invasion Success ◽  
Native Range ◽  
Triadica Sebifera ◽  
Introduced Range

Abstract Aims Seeds of many invasive plants germinate more quickly than those of native species, likely facilitating invasion success. Assessing the germination traits and seed properties simultaneously for introduced and native populations of an invasive plant is essential to understanding biological invasions. Here, we used Triadica sebifera as a study organism to examine intraspecific differences in seed germination together with seed characteristics. Methods We measured physical (volume, mass, coat hardness and coat thickness of seeds) and chemical (crude fat, soluble protein, sugar, gibberellins [GA] and abscisic acid [ABA] of kernels) properties of T. sebifera seeds collected in 2017 from 12 introduced (United States) populations and 12 native (China) populations and tested their germination rates and timing in a greenhouse experiment in China. Furthermore, we conducted an extra experiment in the United States using seeds collected in 2016 and 2017 to compare the effects of study sites (China vs. United States) and seed collection time (2016 vs. 2017) on seed germination. Important Findings Seeds from the introduced range germinated faster than those from the native range. Physical and chemical measurements showed that seeds from the introduced range were larger, had higher GA concentrations and GA:ABA ratio, but lower crude fat concentrations compared to those from the native range. There were no significant differences in seed mass, coat hardness and coat thickness or kernel ABA, soluble protein or sugar concentrations between seeds from introduced vs. native ranges. Germination rates were correlated between United States and China greenhouses but germination rates for populations varied between collection years. Our results suggest that larger seeds and higher GA likely contribute to faster germination, potentially facilitating T. sebifera invasion in the introduced range.

scholarly journals Impacts of Invasive Species in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in the United States

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-39
Author(s):  
Albert E. Mayfield ◽  
Steven J. Seybold ◽  
Wendell R. Haag ◽  
M. Tracy Johnson ◽  
Becky K. Kerns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
The United States ◽  
Usda Forest Service ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
National Significance

AbstractThe introduction, establishment, and spread of invasive species in terrestrial and aquatic environments is widely recognized as one of the most serious threats to the health, sustainability, and productivity of native ecosystems (Holmes et al. 2009; Mack et al. 2000; Pyšek et al. 2012; USDA Forest Service 2013). In the United States, invasive species are the second leading cause of native species endangerment and extinction, and their costs to society have been estimated at $120 billion annually (Crowl et al. 2008; Pimentel et al. 2000, 2005). These costs include lost production and revenue from agricultural and forest products, compromised use of waterways and terrestrial habitats, harm to human and animal health, reduced property values and recreational opportunities, and diverse costs associated with managing (e.g., monitoring, preventing, controlling, and regulating) invasive species (Aukema et al. 2011; Pimentel et al. 2005). The national significance of these economic, ecological, and social impacts in the United States has prompted various actions by both legislative and executive branches of the Federal Government (e.g., the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990; the Noxious Weed Control and Eradication Act of 2002; Executive Order 13112 of 1999, amended in 2016).

scholarly journals International Real Estate Review

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-546
Author(s):  
Qinna Zhao ◽  
◽  
Robert A. Simons ◽  
Zhong Fen ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Property Values ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hedonic Pricing ◽  
Residential Property ◽  
Negative Externality ◽  
Industrial Sites ◽  
One Year ◽  
Multifamily Buildings

Incineration plants and derelict industrial sites can have a number of adverse effects on the local environment and social welfare, including the diminution of property values. Although there are many incineration plants in China, there has been relatively little research done to quantify their negative externality effects. This study therefore considers the effects of three municipal incineration plants in Hangzhou city on residential property values. Hedonic pricing modeling of 2,200 residential transactions in over 70 multifamily buildings within ten kilometers of the incineration plants over a one year period including 2014 and 2015 is carried out. Generally, the results show that the neighboring properties show decreases in the initial listing price of up to 25%, declining until the effect is gone about three kilometers from the incinerator. The most consistent losses are approximately 10% between 1-2 kilometers from the nearest incinerator. These results are comparable to similar situations in the United States and Canada.

scholarly journals 259 Screening of Lespedeza germplasm for forage quality and bioactivity

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
Thomas H Terrill ◽  
Breyanna Morning ◽  
Erica Courson ◽  
Bradley Morris ◽  
Harley Naumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Lespedeza Cuneata ◽  
Sericea Lespedeza ◽  
Freeze Dried

Abstract Interest in the condensed tannin-containing legume sericea lespedeza (Lespedeza cuneata) as a nutraceutical (bioactive) forage for livestock has been increasing in the United States but other Lespedeza species have not been adequately evaluated. A study was completed to determine the nutritional and bioactivity potential of Lespedeza species obtained from the USDA Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit in Griffin, GA. Accessions from 15 Lespedeza species were planted in small plots at Fort Valley State University in Fort Valley, GA. After establishment, forage was harvested, freeze-dried, ground and analyzed for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro true digestibility (IVTD), total phenolics (TP), and protein precipitable phenolics (PPP). Species differences were significant (P < 0.01) for all parameters measured. Lespedeza cuneata accessions, including “AUGrazer,” the cultivar most commonly used as an anti-parasitic crop in the United States had NDF, ADF, and IVTD values of 35.7±0.4%, 26.8±0.4%, and 74.3±1.2%, while L. virginica, a native species, had 34.9±3.0%, 26.0±2.5%, and 74.9±4.2%, respectively. The L. cuneata accessions averaged 179.6±4.3 and 133.6±3.5 mg/g of forage material for TP and PPP, while L. virginica averaged 564.2±24.6 and 306.5±19.9 mg/g, respectively. Other species varied from 30.5±3.0 to 47.4±4.2% NDF, 22.9±1.6 to 36.4±3.6% ADF, 55.2±5.9 to 81.6±3.4% IVTD, and 107.7±17.4 to 283.5±34.7 and 55.2±14.0 to 139.4±28.1 mg/g of forage for TP and PPP, respectively. Based upon these results, Lespedeza species tested in this study, particularly L. virginica, have potential as nutraceutical forages for livestock production systems. As L. cuneata accessions established and grew much better than other Lespedeza species in this study, agronomic testing of this germplasm collection in other environments is warranted. In addition, determining potential anti-parasitic properties of these species using in vitro and in vivo testing would be beneficial.

Discussion 4

1997 ◽  
Vol 8 (S3) ◽  
pp. 381-382
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Rating Scales ◽  
Primary Caregivers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Behavioral Disturbances ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
Observation Scale ◽  
Nursing Aide ◽  
Nursing Aides

Although the Nurses' Observation Scale for Inpatient Evaluation is a commonly used tool in nursing home studies of behavioral disturbances of dementia, Dr. Luxenberg noted that this instrument is relatively weak compared with other rating scales. In most nursing homes in the United States, as well as in other countries, nursing aides are the primary caregivers and therefore the primary informants. These aides often have a cultural background different from that of other nursing staff members and may be less likely to accurately report on behavioral problems. Dr. Luxenberg provided an example of a nursing aide who reported that a patient chanted every morning and then refused assistance with bathing and dressing. When the investigator observed this behavior, he found that the patient was praying and refused to bathe until he had completed his prayers.

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