scholarly journals Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma enhance root penetration in compacted soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. e2012087118
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Schneider ◽  
Christopher F. Strock ◽  
Meredith T. Hanlon ◽  
Dorien J. Vanhees ◽  
Alden C. Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Lignin Concentration ◽  
Maize Genotypes

Mechanical impedance limits soil exploration and resource capture by plant roots. We examine the role of root anatomy in regulating plant adaptation to mechanical impedance and identify a root anatomical phene in maize (Zea mays) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) associated with penetration of hard soil: Multiseriate cortical sclerenchyma (MCS). We characterize this trait and evaluate the utility of MCS for root penetration in compacted soils. Roots with MCS had a greater cell wall-to-lumen ratio and a distinct UV emission spectrum in outer cortical cells. Genome-wide association mapping revealed that MCS is heritable and genetically controlled. We identified a candidate gene associated with MCS. Across all root classes and nodal positions, maize genotypes with MCS had 13% greater root lignin concentration compared to genotypes without MCS. Genotypes without MCS formed MCS upon exogenous ethylene exposure. Genotypes with MCS had greater lignin concentration and bending strength at the root tip. In controlled environments, MCS in maize and wheat was associated improved root tensile strength and increased penetration ability in compacted soils. Maize genotypes with MCS had root systems with 22% greater depth and 49% greater shoot biomass in compacted soils in the field compared to lines without MCS. Of the lines we assessed, MCS was present in 30 to 50% of modern maize, wheat, and barley cultivars but was absent in teosinte and wild and landrace accessions of wheat and barley. MCS merits investigation as a trait for improving plant performance in maize, wheat, and other grasses under edaphic stress.

scholarly journals Root elongation, water stress, and mechanical impedance: a review of limiting stresses and beneficial root tip traits

2011 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Glyn Bengough ◽  
B. M. McKenzie ◽  
P. D. Hallett ◽  
T. A. Valentine
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Root Tip

Arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation in coastal sage scrub restoration

Botany ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M. Aprahamian ◽  
Megan E. Lulow ◽  
Matthew R. Major ◽  
Kathleen R. Balazs ◽  
Kathleen K. Treseder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Colonization ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Coastal Sage Scrub ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Shoot Height ◽  
Sage Scrub ◽  
Native Shrubs ◽  
Inoculum Type

We tested the hypothesis that field applications of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) inocula would increase root colonization and plant performance in a coastal sage scrub (CSS) restoration project in Southern California. We applied commercial or native inocula (from nearby reference shrublands) as we seeded plots with native shrubs, forbs, and grasses. A control treatment was seeded but received no inocula. After 6 months, AM root colonization did not differ significantly among treatments. Likewise, neither inoculum type significantly altered shoot biomass of native shrubs and forbs at 6 months, or density of adult and seedling shrubs at 10 months. Notably, shoot height at 10 months was shorter in plots treated with commercial inoculum compared with the controls. In addition, flower and flower bud production by Salvia columbariae did not significantly respond to either inoculum type. Altogether, we found no evidence that AM inoculation improved restoration success in our CSS system.

scholarly journals Barley shoot biomass responds strongly to N:P stoichiometry and intraspecific competition, whereas roots only alter their foraging

2020 ◽  
Vol 453 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 515-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Richard van Duijnen ◽  
Benjamin M. Delory ◽  
Rüdiger Reichel ◽  
Nicolas Brüggemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Intraspecific Competition ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Specific Root Length ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Soil Layers ◽  
N:P Stoichiometry

Abstract Aims Root system responses to the limitation of either nitrogen (N) or phosphorus (P) are well documented, but how the early root system responds to (co-) limitation of one (N or P) or both in a stoichiometric framework is not well-known. In addition, how intraspecific competition alters plant responses to N:P stoichiometry is understudied. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effects of N:P stoichiometry and competition on root system responses and overall plant performance. Methods Plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) were grown in rhizoboxes for 24 days in the presence or absence of competition (three vs. one plant per rhizobox), and fertilized with different combinations of N:P (low N + low P, low N + high P, high N + low P, and high N + high P). Results Shoot biomass was highest when both N and P were provided in high amounts. In competition, shoot biomass decreased on average by 22%. Total root biomass (per plant) was not affected by N:P stoichiometry and competition but differences were observed in specific root length and root biomass allocation across soil depths. Specific root length depended on the identity of limiting nutrient (N or P) and competition. Plants had higher proportion of root biomass in deeper soil layers under N limitation, while a greater proportion of root biomass was found at the top soil layers under P limitation. Conclusions With low N and P availability during early growth, higher investments in root system development can significantly trade off with aboveground productivity, and strong intraspecific competition can further strengthen such effects.

Lower ant Diversity on Earth Mounds in a Semi-Arid Brazilian Ecosystem: Natural or a Sign of Degradation?

Sociobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 1022
Author(s):  
Karine S. Carvalho ◽  
Marcos Augusto Ferraz Carneiro ◽  
Ivan Cardoso Nascimento ◽  
Amartya Kumar Saha ◽  
Emilio Miguel Bruna
Keyword(s):  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Natural Feature ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Nesting Resources ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Ant Diversity ◽  
Semi Arid

Natural earth mounds in many ecosystems harbor higher biodiversity than surroundings because they provide greater habitat heterogeniety. However, in the semi-arid Caatinga ecosystem of NE Brazil, natural mounds have much less vegetation and leaf litter with lower biodiversity as compared to the surrounding lowlands. The following hypotheses were tested: (i) low vegetation cover on the mounds results from highly compacted and leached soils as compared to adjacent lowlands and (ii) low vegetation cover reduce ant populations and diversity because of limited foraging and nesting resources. This study was carried out in four mound fields. Adjacent lowlands were found to have twice as many ant individuals as the mounds along with higher ant species richness and diversity. The high resistance of the mound soil to root penetration and low pH could be the main reason for the difference in diversity between mound and adjacent lowlands. Further investigations are needed to infer whether this low diversity on mounds is a natural feature, or a result of ongoing environmental degradation in the Caatinga, whereupon deforestation leads to hardened and compacted soils.

scholarly journals 355 REDUCING MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE OF ROOTS IN COMPACTED SOILS INCREASES ROOT AND SHOOT GROWTH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 481e-481
Author(s):  
Susan D. Day ◽  
Nina L. Bassuk
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Mechanical Impedance ◽  
Compacted Soils ◽  
Vertical Drains ◽  
Pyrus Calleryana ◽  
Vertical Drainage ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth ◽  
Surrounding Soil

Four techniques for compaction amelioration were studied: 1) Vertical drainage panels; 2) vertical gravel-filled sump drains; 3) soil trenches filled with sandy loam; and 4) peat amended back fill. The control was backfilled with existing soil on the site. Vertical drainage mats and vertical gravel-filled sump drains were shown to increase O2% in surrounding soil; however, all O2 levels regardless of treatment were above what is considered limiting. Shoot and root growth of Pyrus calleryana `Redspire' was greatest for treatments that alleviated mechanical impedance (soil trenches and amended back fill) and least for treatments that did not (controls and vertical drains). Vertical drainage mats which alleviated mechanical impedance to a lesser degree showed intermediate growth.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and Phosphorous Removal by Ornamental and Wetland Plants in a Greenhouse Recirculation Research System

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1704-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Chen ◽  
Regina P. Bracy ◽  
Allen D. Owings ◽  
Donald J. Merhaut
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Wetland Plants ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Total N ◽  
Calla Lily

A nutrient recirculation system (NRS) was used to assess the ability of four ornamental and three wetland plant species to remove nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from stormwater runoff. The NRS was filled with a nutrient solution with total N and P concentrations of 11.3 and 3.1 mg·L−1, respectively, to simulate high levels of nutrient contaminations in stormwater. Nutrient removal abilities of herbaceous perennial ornamental plants, canna (Canna ×generalis Bailey) ‘Australia’, iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) ‘Golden Fleece’, calla lily [Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng], and dwarf papyrus (Cyperus haspan L.) were compared with those of wetland plants arrow arum [Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott], pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.), and bulltongue arrowhead (Sagittaria lancifolia L.) in three experiments. ‘Australia’ canna had the greatest water consumption, total biomass production, and aboveground N and P content followed by pickerelweed. ‘Golden Fleece’ iris had higher tissue N concentrations than canna but much lower biomass production. Dwarf papyrus had similar total biomass as pickerelweed but less shoot biomass. N and P removed from the NRS units planted with canna (98.7% N and 91.8% P) were higher than those planted with iris and arrow arum (31.6% and 31.5% N, and 38.5% and 26.3% P, respectively). NRS units planted with dwarf papyrus had similar nutrient recovery rate as pickerelweed, but much less total N and P were removed as a result of less water consumption. The NRS units planted with calla lily had lower nutrient removal than canna and pickerelweed. Our results suggest that canna is a promising ornamental species for stormwater mitigation, and harvesting the aboveground biomass of canna can effectively remove N and P from the treatment system. However, more research needs to be done to evaluate factors that might affect plant performance in a floating biofiltration system.

scholarly journals Water-efficient rice performances under drought stress conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 838-863
Author(s):  
Didi Darmadi ◽  
◽  
Ahmad Junaedi ◽  
Didy Sopandie ◽  
Supijatno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Upland Rice ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Rice Varieties ◽  
Use Efficiency

<abstract> <p>The use of varieties that are able to adapt well to extreme environments is one strategy to overcome the challenges of decreasing production in sub-optimal land. Indonesian tropical rice varieties (Jatiluhur, IPB 9G, IPB 3S, Hipa 19, Mentik Wangi, Ciherang, Inpari 17, and Mekongga) have been tested and established as water-used-efficient varieties in an optimal environment. However, to date, these varieties have not been examined in the suboptimal area, in particular, drought stress conditions. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the adaptation response of production, morphological, and physiological character of several water-efficient rice varieties under drought stress in the field. The study was designed in a split-plot with two factors and 4 replications, where the first factor (main plot) was drought stress stages i.e. vegetative (Dv), reproductive (Dr), generative (Dg), and control (Dc). The second factor was rice varieties, consisting of eight varieties, i.e., Jatiluhur, IPB 3S, IPB 9G, Hipa 19, Mentik Wangi, Ciherang, Inpari 17, and Mekongga. The experiment was conducted from May to December 2018 in Muneng Kidul Village, Probolinggo Regency, East Java Province. The experimental variables were morphology, production, leaf scrolling score during drought stress, drought sensitivity index, water use efficiency, physiology and root anatomy. The result showed that upland rice varieties were more tolerant to drought stress and had a higher water use efficiency than lowland rice varieties. This shows that Jatiluhur and IPB 9G which are indicated to be adaptive to drought stress, and have the ability to regulate water use more efficiently when drought stress occurs. Therefore, water use efficiency could be used as selection characters under drought conditions in rice particularly tropical upland rice. Moreover, morphological characters, i.e., grain yiled per plot, weight of pithy grain, weight of shoot biomass and weight of roots could be the selection characters to predict drought tolerant tropical rice. According to physiological characters, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, proline content, malondialdehyde content, leaf water potential and leaf greenness could be used as a selection tool to predict water use efficient genotypes in rice. However, further studies are needed to understand the complex mechanisms of water use efficiency by combining various approaches.</p> </abstract>

Interplant root competition leads to an overcrowding effect in maize

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 1041-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
W Jiang ◽  
K Wang ◽  
G Jiang ◽  
Q Wu ◽  
J Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
The Impact

We conducted an experiment with two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) to examine the effect of interplant root competition on root growth and to evaluate the impact to total plant performance. Two maize hybrids (Jinhai 5 and Denghai 3719) were grown either with no root competition in their own plot (owners) or as individuals sharing twice the space and nutrients (sharers). Plants were sampled every other week after pollination to track changes in root and shoot biomass. The carbohydrate allocation was smaller in the roots of sharers compared with owners at the pro-phase of grain filling and shoot accumulation was slightly accelerated during this period. However, at the lag phase, the accumulation rate in the shoots of individual plants was distinctly lower than in owners, as a result of earlier root senescence. Overall, shoot mass was reduced by 8% in sharers of both hybrids, while they showed a similar root to shoot ratio compared with the owners. Although the “sharing” treatment was confounded by larger soil spaces, the effects of larger soil volume and interplant root competition were different, and demonstrate that interplant root competition has an inhibitory effect on roots. Maize plants displayed an overcrowding effect (or an escape strategy) by allocating more carbohydrate to the shoots at the expense of the roots when faced with interplant root competition.Key words: Overcrowding effect, interplant root competition, maize (zea mays L.), root discrimination

The forage grass Paspalum dilatatum tolerates partial but not complete submergence caused by either deep water or repeated defoliation

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
M. E. Manzur ◽  
A. A. Grimoldi ◽  
G. G. Striker
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Forage Grass ◽  
Submerged Plants ◽  
Paspalum Dilatatum ◽  
Water Columns ◽  
Tiller Angle

Grazing, flooding and their combination are major disturbances that could affect plant performance in humid grasslands. We performed two experiments to study the tolerance of the forage grass Paspalum dilatatum Poir. to different submergence depths and defoliation frequencies. First, we addressed whether this species can shift from the escape strategy to ‘quiescence’ when completely submerged for 30 days. Second, we explored to what extent partial or complete submergence produced by defoliation compromises plant regrowth. The results showed that regardless of the depth of water at submergence, P. dilatatum always responded by attempting to expose its leaf area above water, by increasing the tiller angle and/or blade length (i.e. tiller height). Partially submerged plants showed a reduction in starch concentration (89%) but biomass was unaffected, whereas completely submerged plants did not survive. After one defoliation event, 77% of aerial biomass of partially submerged plants was removed and the concentration of carbon reserves (water-soluble carbohydrates and starch) decreased to half that of control plants. A second event of defoliation (20 days later) of plants with few reserves removed 50–52% of shoot biomass and compromised plant survival, with plants dying before the end of the experiment. In conclusion, P. dilatatum does not tolerate prolonged conditions of complete submergence caused by either deep water columns or repeated defoliation.

Plasticity and domestication of root anatomy in maize-teosinte derived population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Chen ◽  
Junli Sun ◽  
Dongdong Li ◽  
Pengcheng Li ◽  
Kunhui He ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Cortical Cell ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Root Anatomy ◽  
Root Tip ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
High Plasticity ◽  
Cortex Area ◽  
Resolution Mapping ◽  
Maize Domestication

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) underwent profound changes during domestication in root anatomy for environmental adaptation. However, the genetic mechanism of maize root anatomy domestication and plasticity remains unclear. In this study, a high-resolution mapping was performed for nine root anatomical traits using a maize-teosinte population (mexicana × Mo17) across three environments. Large genetic variations were detected for different root anatomical traits. The cortex area, stele area, aerenchyma area, xylem vessels number and cortical cell number had large variations across three environments, indicating high plasticity. Sixteen quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified, including seven QTL with QTL × Environment interaction (EIQTL) for high plastic traits and nine QTL without QTL × Environment interaction (SQTL). Most of the root loci were consistent with shoot QTL depicting domestication signals. Combining transcriptome and genome-wide association study (GWAS) revealed that ZmPILS4 serve as a candidate gene underlying a major QTL of xylem traits. The near-isogenic lines (NILs) with lower expression of ZmPILS4 had 18-24% more IAA concentration in the root tip and 8-15% more xylem vessels. Significant domestication signal in promoter region suggested that ZmPILS4 was involved in maize domestication and adaptation. These results divulged the potential genetic basis of root anatomy plasticity and domestication.

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