scholarly journals Nitrogen and Phosphorous Removal by Ornamental and Wetland Plants in a Greenhouse Recirculation Research System

HortScience ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1704-1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Chen ◽  
Regina P. Bracy ◽  
Allen D. Owings ◽  
Donald J. Merhaut
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Wetland Plants ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Total N ◽  
Calla Lily

A nutrient recirculation system (NRS) was used to assess the ability of four ornamental and three wetland plant species to remove nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) from stormwater runoff. The NRS was filled with a nutrient solution with total N and P concentrations of 11.3 and 3.1 mg·L−1, respectively, to simulate high levels of nutrient contaminations in stormwater. Nutrient removal abilities of herbaceous perennial ornamental plants, canna (Canna ×generalis Bailey) ‘Australia’, iris (Iris pseudacorus L.) ‘Golden Fleece’, calla lily [Zantedeschia aethiopica (L.) Spreng], and dwarf papyrus (Cyperus haspan L.) were compared with those of wetland plants arrow arum [Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott], pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata L.), and bulltongue arrowhead (Sagittaria lancifolia L.) in three experiments. ‘Australia’ canna had the greatest water consumption, total biomass production, and aboveground N and P content followed by pickerelweed. ‘Golden Fleece’ iris had higher tissue N concentrations than canna but much lower biomass production. Dwarf papyrus had similar total biomass as pickerelweed but less shoot biomass. N and P removed from the NRS units planted with canna (98.7% N and 91.8% P) were higher than those planted with iris and arrow arum (31.6% and 31.5% N, and 38.5% and 26.3% P, respectively). NRS units planted with dwarf papyrus had similar nutrient recovery rate as pickerelweed, but much less total N and P were removed as a result of less water consumption. The NRS units planted with calla lily had lower nutrient removal than canna and pickerelweed. Our results suggest that canna is a promising ornamental species for stormwater mitigation, and harvesting the aboveground biomass of canna can effectively remove N and P from the treatment system. However, more research needs to be done to evaluate factors that might affect plant performance in a floating biofiltration system.

scholarly journals Florida Watermelon Production Affected by Water and Nutrient Management

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 328-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory S. Hendricks ◽  
Sanjay Shukla ◽  
Kent E. Cushman ◽  
Thomas A. Obreza ◽  
Fritz M. Roka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Total N

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) production is concentrated in southern Florida where growers often use seepage irrigation. According to a recent survey, growers believe that nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) rates recommended by the University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF-IFAS) are low. A study was conducted during Spring 2004 and 2005 at a UF-IFAS research farm to compare three nutrient and water management systems: high rate [HR (265, 74, and 381 lb/acre N, P, and K, respectively)], recommended rate [RR (150, 44, and 125 lb/acre N, P, and K, respectively)], and recommended rate with subsurface irrigation (RR-S). Irrigation was managed to keep soil moisture content at 16% to 20% for HR and 8% to 12% for RR and RR-S. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with two replications and three subsample areas within each 0.25-acre plot. The HR management approach produced ≈60% to 80% higher yields (cwt/acre) during 2005 than RR or RR-S. The HR treatment produced larger watermelons than RR or RR-S in 2005. Triploid watermelon prices had to be at least $3.74/cwt to cover all costs associated with HR. The HR approach increased the grower net returns by $590/acre and $1764/acre under conservative and higher yield and price expectations, respectively. Soluble solids content and hollowheart ratings were unaffected by treatment. Total biomass, recorded during 2005, followed a similar trend as yield, with HR producing 105% and 125% greater total dry weight than RR and RR-S, respectively. Total N content of HR biomass was 56% higher than that of RR and RR-S. Total P content was 29% and 50% higher than that of RR and RR-S, respectively. Leaf and petiole tissue from the HR treatment exhibited consistently higher N and K leaf tissue values during 2005 than RR and RR-S. In conclusion, trends in the data consistently showed greater plant performance with higher rates of fertilizer and soil moisture content. Our ability to detect differences in 2005 was probably enhanced by higher rainfall during 2005 compared with 2004.

Influence of nitrogen fertilization on growth and loline alkaloid production of meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) associated with the fungal symbiont Neotyphodium uncinatum

Botany ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 370-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anja G. Bylin ◽  
David E. Hume ◽  
Stuart D. Card ◽  
Wade J. Mace ◽  
Catherine M. Lloyd-West ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Festuca Pratensis ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Loline Alkaloids ◽  
Different Levels

In a field study during two growing seasons in northern Sweden, we assessed meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) with and without Neotyphodium uncinatum to determine whether the endophyte affects plant performance regarding tiller and biomass production. In addition, we measured loline alkaloids produced in infected grasses. Approximately 1000 plants grew at two different levels of nitrogen fertilization: the normal amount applied in this region and one-half that amount. Increasing the amount of nitrogen increased the total number of tillers on the plants. Endophyte-infected plants produced more tillers per plant than plants without the endophyte; there was, however, no significant difference in proportion of reproductive tillers, winter survival, or total biomass production between endophyte-infected and noninfected plants. Infected plants produced loline alkaloids in different quantities without indication of being influenced by different nitrogen fertilization levels.

scholarly journals 447 Nutrient Removal by Five Ornamental Wetland Plant Species Grown in Treatment-production Wetland Biofilters

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 521D-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Holt ◽  
Brian K. Maynard ◽  
William A. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Plant Biomass ◽  
Typha Latifolia ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Total N ◽  
Horticultural Products ◽  
Garden Plant

We assessed the capacity for nutrient removal of ornamental water garden plants being grown in treatment-production wetland biofilters. Plant biomass, nutrient uptake, tissue nutrient content, and production potential were compared for five popular ornamental water garden plant species: Typha latifolia L., Iris pseudacorus L., Phalaris arundinacea L. `Picta', Canna glauca L., and Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott. Plants were grown in triplicate 0.3 m2 × 0.3 m, deep gravelbed mesocosms fed with 20N-20P-20K Peter's fertilizer (Scotts-Sierra Horticultural Products Co., Marysville, Ohio) reconstituted to 100 ppm N. After 120 days, mean species total biomass ranged from 1.4 to 5.6 kg·m -2, while producing 105 to 206 divisions per square meter. Growth for Canna and Colocasia was greatest, while Typha produced the most divisions. Mean tissue N and P concentrations ranged from 18 to 29 and 2.1 to 3.0 mg·g -1, respectively. Maximum plant accumulation of 144 g N/m 2 and 15.6 g P/m2 accounted for 70% of the N and 15% of the P supplied by fertilizer. Mean removal of total N and P ranged from 42% to 90% and 18% to 58%, respectively, and was positively correlated with plant biomass. Nutrient removal ability was ranked as Canna = Colocasia > Typha > Iris = Phalaris.

scholarly journals Treatment and Re-Use of Raw Blackwater by Chlorella vulgaris-Based System

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2660
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Segovia Bifarini ◽  
Miha Žitnik ◽  
Tjaša Griessler Bulc ◽  
Aleksandra Krivograd Klemenčič
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Chlorella Vulgaris ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Sanitation Systems

In this study, we examined a Chlorella vulgaris-based system as a potential solution to change liquid waste, such as blackwater, into valuable products for agriculture while protecting waters from pollution without technical demanding pre-treatment. To evaluate the possibility of nutrient removal and biomass production from raw blackwater, four blackwater dilutions were tested at lab-scale: 50%, 30%, 20%, and 10%. The results showed that even the less diluted raw blackwater was a suitable growth medium for microalgae C. vulgaris. As expected, the optimum conditions were observed in 10% blackwater with the highest growth rate (0.265 d−1) and a nutrient removal efficiency of 99.6% for ammonium and 33.7% for phosphate. However, the highest biomass productivity (5.581 mg chlorophyll-a L−1 d−1) and total biomass (332.82 mg dry weight L−1) were achieved in 50% blackwater together with the highest chemical oxygen demand removal (81%) as a result of the highest nutrient content and thus prolonged growth phase. The results suggested that the dilution factor of 0.5 followed by microalgae cultivation with a hydraulic retention time of 14 days could offer the highest biomass production for the potential use in agriculture and, in parallel, a way to treat raw blackwater from source-separation sanitation systems.

The dynamics of fine root length, biomass, and nitrogen content in two northern hardwood ecosystems

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2507-2520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald L. Hendrick ◽  
Kurt S. Pregitzer
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Production ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Total N ◽  
Northern Hardwood ◽  
Production Values ◽  
Fine Root Length

The dynamics of fine (<2.0 mm) roots were measured in two sugar maple (Acersaccharum Marsh.) dominated ecosystems (northern and southern sites) during 1989 and 1990 using a combination of minirhizotrons and destructive harvests of fine root biomass and N content. Greater than 50% of annual length production occurred before midsummer in both ecosystems, while the period of greatest mortality was from late summer through winter. About one third of annual fine root production and mortality occur simultaneously, with little observable change in total root length pools. Using fine root length dynamics to derive biomass production and mortality, we calculated annual biomass production values of approximately 8000 and 7300 kg•ha−1•year−1, respectively, at the southern and northern sites. Corresponding biomass mortality (i.e., turnover) values were 6700 and 4800 kg•ha−1•year−1, and total nitrogen returns to the soil from fine root mortality were 72 kg•ha−1•year−1 at the southern site and 54 kg•ha−1•year−1 at the northern site. Fine roots dominated total biomass and N litter inputs to the soil in both ecosystems, accounting for over 55% of total biomass and nearly 50% of total N returns. In both ecosystems, roots <0.5 mm comprised the bulk of fine root biomass and N pools, and the contribution of these roots to northern hardwood ecosystem carbon and nitrogen budgets may have been underestimated in the past.

Experience with nutrient removal in a fixed-film system at full-scale wastewater treatment plants

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibeke R. Borregaard
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Biological Nutrient Removal ◽  
Growth Processes ◽  
Total N ◽  
Attached Growth ◽  
On Line

In the upgrade of wastewater treatment plants to include biological nutrient removal the space available is often a limiting facor. It may be difficult to use conventional suspended growth processes (i.e. activated sludge) owing to the relatively large surface area required for these processes. Recent years have therefore seen a revived interest in treatment technologies using various types of attached growth processes. The “new” attached growth processes, like the Biostyr process, utilise various kinds of manufactured media, e.g. polystyrene granules, which offer a high specific surface area, and are therefore very compact. The Biostyr plants allow a combination of nitrification-denitrification and filtration in one and the same unit. The results obtained are 8 mg total N/l and an SS content normally below 10 mg/l. The plants in Denmark which have been extended with a Biostyr unit have various levels of PLC control and on-line instrumentation.

Impacts of separate rejection water treatment on the overall plant performance

2003 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 139-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Wett ◽  
J. Alex
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Experience ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
High Tech ◽  
State Variables ◽  
Total N ◽  
Unit Process ◽  
Innovative Tool ◽  
The Impact

A separate rejection water treatment appears as a high-tech unit process which might be recommendable only for specific cases of an upgrading of an existing wastewater treatment plant. It is not the issue of this paper to consider a specific separate treatment process itself but to investigate the influence of such a process on the overall plant performance. A plant-wide model has been applied as an innovative tool to evaluate effects of the implemented sidestream strategy on the mainstream treatment. The model has been developed in the SIMBA environment and combines acknowledged mathematical descriptions of the activated sludge process (ASM1) and the anaerobic mesophilic digestion (Siegrist model). The model's calibration and validation was based on data from 5 years of operating experience of a full-scale rejection water treatment. The impact on the total N-elimination efficiency is demonstrated by detailed nitrogen mass flow schemes including the interactions between the wastewater and the sludge lane. Additionally limiting conditions due to dynamic N-return loads are displayed by the model's state variables.

Contrasting yield formation characteristics in two super-rice hybrids that differ in growth duration

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Min Huang ◽  
Zui Tao ◽  
Tao Lei ◽  
Fangbo Cao ◽  
Jiana Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Crop Improvement ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Growth Duration ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rice Hybrid ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Yield Formation

Summary The development of high-yielding, short-duration super-rice hybrids is important for ensuring food security in China where multiple cropping is widely practiced and large-scale farming has gradually emerged. In this study, field experiments were conducted over 3 years to identify the yield formation characteristics in the shorter-duration (∼120 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Guiliangyou 2’ (G2) by comparing it with the longer-duration (∼130 days) super-rice hybrid ‘Y-liangyou 1’ (Y1). The results showed that G2 had a shorter pre-heading growth duration and consequently a shorter total growth duration compared to Y1. Compared to Y1, G2 had lower total biomass production that resulted from lower daily solar radiation, apparent radiation use efficiency (RUE), crop growth rate (CGR), and biomass production during the pre-heading period, but the grain yield was not significantly lower than that of Y1 because it was compensated for by the higher harvest index that resulted from slower leaf senescence (i.e., slower decline in leaf area index during the post-heading period) and higher RUE, CGR, and biomass production during the post-heading period. Our findings suggest that it is feasible to reduce the dependence of yield formation on growth duration to a certain extent in rice by increasing the use efficiency of solar radiation through crop improvement and also highlight the need for a greater fundamental understanding of the physiological processes involved in the higher use efficiency of solar radiation in super-rice hybrids.

A study of root and shoot interactions between cereals and peas in mixtures

1993 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Tofinga ◽  
R. Paolini ◽  
R. W. Snaydon
Keyword(s):  
Relative Yield ◽  
Root Competition ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Resource Complementarity ◽  
Relative Yield Total ◽  
Shoot Competition ◽  
Competitive Abilities ◽  
Different Sources

SUMMARYWheat, barley and two morphologically contrasting cultivars of peas (leafy and semi-leafless) were grown in pure stands, at standard agricultural densities, and in additive mixtures of cereals with peas. The stands were grown in boxes in the field, and partitions were used to separate the effects of root and shoot interactions. The cereals and peas were either planted at the same time, or one species was planted 10 days before the other. The origin of the N present in each species was determined by applying N fertilizer labelled with 15N.Both cultivars of peas had greater shoot and root competitive abilities than wheat or barley, probably because of their larger seed size; leafy peas had greater shoot and root competitive abilities than semi-leafless peas. Sowing peas after cereals reduced their competitive ability.The relative yield total (RYT) of cereal-pea mixtures, based on total biomass, averaged 1·6 when only the root systems interacted, and 1·4 when only the shoot systems interacted, but did not differ significantly from 10 when both root and shoot systems interacted. RYT values were greater when peas were grown with wheat, rather than with barley, and when peas were sown at the same time as the cereals.Shoot competition from peas increased the N% of cereals, but substantially reduced their total N content, because biomass yield was reduced. Shoot competition from cereals had no effect on the N% of peas, and only slightly reduced their total N content. Shoot competition between cereals and peas had no significant effect upon the proportion of N derived from various sources by either cereals or peas.Root competition from peas significantly reduced both the N% and total N content of cereals. Root competition from cereals had little effect on the N% of peas, but significantly reduced their total N content and increased the proportion of N derived from rhizobial fixation from 76 to 94%. Since cereals and peas largely used different sources of N, resource complementarity for N was probably an important component of intercropping advantage, when the roots of cereals and peas shared soil resources.

scholarly journals Biological Nutrient Removal Model No. 2 (BNRM2): a general model for wastewater treatment plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 1481-1489 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Barat ◽  
J. Serralta ◽  
M. V. Ruano ◽  
E. Jiménez ◽  
J. Ribes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Plant Performance ◽  
Biological Nutrient Removal ◽  
Nitrite Oxidizing Bacteria ◽  
Removal Model

This paper presents the plant-wide model Biological Nutrient Removal Model No. 2 (BNRM2). Since nitrite was not considered in the BNRM1, and this previous model also failed to accurately simulate the anaerobic digestion because precipitation processes were not considered, an extension of BNRM1 has been developed. This extension comprises all the components and processes required to simulate nitrogen removal via nitrite and the formation of the solids most likely to precipitate in anaerobic digesters. The solids considered in BNRM2 are: struvite, amorphous calcium phosphate, hidroxyapatite, newberite, vivianite, strengite, variscite, and calcium carbonate. With regard to nitrogen removal via nitrite, apart from nitrite oxidizing bacteria two groups of ammonium oxidizing organisms (AOO) have been considered since different sets of kinetic parameters have been reported for the AOO present in activated sludge systems and SHARON (Single reactor system for High activity Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite) reactors. Due to the new processes considered, BNRM2 allows an accurate prediction of wastewater treatment plant performance in wider environmental and operating conditions.

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