scholarly journals High-impact innovations for high-salinity membrane desalination

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (37) ◽  
pp. e2022196118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Dudchenko ◽  
Timothy V. Bartholomew ◽  
Meagan S. Mauter
Keyword(s):  
High Salinity ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Target Component ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Performance Improvements ◽  
Safe Management ◽  
Technology Platforms ◽  
The Cost

Reducing the cost of high-salinity (>75 g/L total dissolved solids) brine concentration technology would unlock the potential for vast inland water supplies and promote the safe management of concentrated aqueous waste streams. Impactful innovation will target component performance improvements and cost reductions that yield the highest impact on system costs, but the desalination community lacks methods for quantitatively evaluating the value of innovation or the robustness of technology platforms relative to competing technologies. This work proposes a suite of methods built on process-based cost optimization models that explicitly address the complexities of membrane-separation processes, namely that these processes comprise dozens of nonlinearly interacting components and that innovation can occur in more than one component at a time. We begin by demonstrating the merit of performing simple parametric sensitivity analysis on component performance and cost to guide the selection of materials and manufacturing methods that reduce system costs. A more rigorous implementation of this approach relates improvements in component performance to increases in component costs, helping to further discern high-impact innovation trajectories. The most advanced implementation includes a stochastic simulation of the value of innovation that accounts for both the expected impact of a component innovation on reducing system costs and the potential for improvements in other components. Finally, we apply these methods to identify innovations with the highest probability of substantially reducing the levelized cost of water from emerging membrane processes for high-salinity brine treatment.

Influence of Clay Content in Membrane Morphology of Polymer Polyamide 6.6/Montmorillonite Clay

2014 ◽  
Vol 775-776 ◽  
pp. 455-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luana Rodrigues Kojuch ◽  
Keila Machado de Medeiros ◽  
Edcleide Maria Araújo ◽  
Hélio de Lucena Lira
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Montmorillonite Clay ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Membrane Morphology ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Polyamide 6.6 ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mineral Fillers

Membranes can be defined as a barrier that separates two phases and is widely applied in industrial separation processes. The development of membrane separation processes (PSM) has the major advantage of phase change without separation of components, besides selectivity and simplicity of operation. The addition of mineral fillers in polymers is intended for the cost reduction and increase in rigidity of the materials. When these loads have sizes of nanometric dimensions, this system is called nanocomposites, which exhibit improved properties compared to the pure polymers or conventional composites. Microporous membranes were obtained from polyamide 6.6 nanocomposites of varying amounts of regional montmorillonite clay through the immersion-precipitation process. In general, the membranes showed a filter skin, which contains very small pores and a porous layer, with variations in microstructure, detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Separation of Biologically Active Compounds by Membrane Operations

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 218-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoying Zhu ◽  
Renbi Bai
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Separation Efficiency ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Separation Technology ◽  
Pressure Driven

Background: Bioactive compounds from various natural sources have been attracting more and more attention, owing to their broad diversity of functionalities and availabilities. However, many of the bioactive compounds often exist at an extremely low concentration in a mixture so that massive harvesting is needed to obtain sufficient amounts for their practical usage. Thus, effective fractionation or separation technologies are essential for the screening and production of the bioactive compound products. The applicatons of conventional processes such as extraction, distillation and lyophilisation, etc. may be tedious, have high energy consumption or cause denature or degradation of the bioactive compounds. Membrane separation processes operate at ambient temperature, without the need for heating and therefore with less energy consumption. The “cold” separation technology also prevents the possible degradation of the bioactive compounds. The separation process is mainly physical and both fractions (permeate and retentate) of the membrane processes may be recovered. Thus, using membrane separation technology is a promising approach to concentrate and separate bioactive compounds. Methods: A comprehensive survey of membrane operations used for the separation of bioactive compounds is conducted. The available and established membrane separation processes are introduced and reviewed. Results: The most frequently used membrane processes are the pressure driven ones, including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF). They are applied either individually as a single sieve or in combination as an integrated membrane array to meet the different requirements in the separation of bioactive compounds. Other new membrane processes with multiple functions have also been developed and employed for the separation or fractionation of bioactive compounds. The hybrid electrodialysis (ED)-UF membrane process, for example has been used to provide a solution for the separation of biomolecules with similar molecular weights but different surface electrical properties. In contrast, the affinity membrane technology is shown to have the advantages of increasing the separation efficiency at low operational pressures through selectively adsorbing bioactive compounds during the filtration process. Conclusion: Individual membranes or membrane arrays are effectively used to separate bioactive compounds or achieve multiple fractionation of them with different molecule weights or sizes. Pressure driven membrane processes are highly efficient and widely used. Membrane fouling, especially irreversible organic and biological fouling, is the inevitable problem. Multifunctional membranes and affinity membranes provide the possibility of effectively separating bioactive compounds that are similar in sizes but different in other physical and chemical properties. Surface modification methods are of great potential to increase membrane separation efficiency as well as reduce the problem of membrane fouling. Developing membranes and optimizing the operational parameters specifically for the applications of separation of various bioactive compounds should be taken as an important part of ongoing or future membrane research in this field.

Application of membrane separation processes in phosphorus recovery: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 767 ◽  
pp. 144346
Author(s):  
Xiang Li ◽  
Shuting Shen ◽  
Yuye Xu ◽  
Ting Guo ◽  
Hongliang Dai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Phosphorus Recovery ◽  
Separation Processes

Cost Optimization of Net-Zero Energy House

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
George A. Mertz ◽  
Gregory S. Raffio ◽  
Kelly Kissock
Keyword(s):  
Energy Use ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Zero Energy ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
Net Zero Energy ◽  
Net Zero ◽  
Building Energy Use ◽  
The Cost

Environmental and resource limitations provide increased motivation for design of net-zero energy or net-zero CO2 buildings. The optimum building design will have the lowest lifecycle cost. This paper describes a method of performing and comparing lifecycle costs for standard, CO2-neutral and net-zero energy buildings. Costs of source energy are calculated based on the cost of photovoltaic systems, tradable renewable certificates, CO2 credits and conventional energy. Building energy simulation is used to determine building energy use. A case study is conducted on a proposed net-zero energy house. The paper identifies the least-cost net-zero energy house, the least-cost CO2 neutral house, and the overall least-cost house. The methodology can be generalized to different climates and buildings. The method and results may be of interest to builders, developers, city planners, or organizations managing multiple buildings.

scholarly journals Analysis of ethanol dehydration using membrane separation processes

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Conde-Mejía ◽  
Arturo Jiménez-Gutiérrez
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Biomass Pretreatment ◽  
Ethanol Dehydration ◽  
Purification Step ◽  
Silica Membrane ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Fermentation Processes ◽  
Vapor Permeation ◽  
Type Zeolite

AbstractAfter the biomass pretreatment and fermentation processes, the purification step constitutes a major task in bioethanol production processes. The use of membranes provides an interesting choice to achieve high-purity bioethanol. Membrane separation processes are generally characterized by low energy requirements, but a high capital investment. Some major design aspects for membrane processes and their application to the ethanol dehydration problem are addressed in this work. The analysis includes pervaporation and vapor permeation methods, and considers using two types of membranes, A-type zeolite and amorphous silica membrane. The results identify the best combination of membrane separation method and type of membrane needed for bioethanol purification.

Impact of High Resolution 3D Geomechanics on Well Optimization in the Southern Gulf of Suez, Egypt

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Elkhawaga ◽  
Wael A. Elghaney ◽  
Rajarajan Naidu ◽  
Assef Hussen ◽  
Ramy Rafaat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Pore Pressure ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Wellbore Stability ◽  
Gulf Of Suez ◽  
Geomechanical Model ◽  
3D Geomechanical Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Optimizing the number of casing strings has a direct impact on cost of drilling a well. The objective of the case study presented in this paper is the demonstration of reducing cost through integration of data. This paper shows the impact of high-resolution 3D geomechanical modeling on well cost optimization for the GS327 Oil field. The field is located in the Sothern Gulf of Suez basin and has been developed by 20 wells The conventional casing design in the field included three sections. In this mature field, especially with the challenge of reducing production cost, it is imperative to look for opportunites to optimize cost in drilling new wells to sustain ptoduction. 3D geomechanics is crucial for such cases in order to optimize the cost per barrel at the same time help to drill new wells safely. An old wellbore stability study did not support the decision-maker to merge any hole sections. However, there was not geomechanics-related problems recorded during the drilling the drilling of different mud weights. In this study, a 3D geomechanical model was developed and the new mud weight calculations positively affected the casing design for two new wells. The cost optimization will be useful for any future wells to be drilled in this area. This study documents how a 3D geomechanical model helped in the successful delivery of objectives (guided by an understanding of pore pressure and rock properties) through revision of mud weight window calculations that helped in optimizing the casing design and eliminate the need for an intermediate casing. This study reveals that the new calculated pore pressure in the GS327 field is predominantly hydrostatic with a minor decline in the reservoir pressure. In addition, rock strength of the shale is moderately high and nearly homogeneous, which helped in achieving a new casing design for the last two drilled wells in the field.

Biofilms: their structure, activity, and effect on membrane filtration

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 181-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Lewandowski ◽  
H. Beyenal
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Separation Processes ◽  
Membrane Cleaning ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Structure Activity ◽  
Membrane Biofouling ◽  
Flux Decline ◽  
Cleaning Procedures ◽  
Near Future

The goal of this presentation is to identify biofouling mechanisms that cause undesirable effects to the membrane separation processes of flux decline and pressure drop. The underlying assumption of this presentation is that biofouling is unavoidable and that the operator cannot eliminate it entirely. This premise justifies research efforts toward understanding the mechanisms by which biofouling affects the membrane processes, rather than expecting that technology can entirely eliminate membrane biofouling in the near future. An improved understanding of biofouling mechanisms may lead to better membrane design, better membrane modules, and better membrane cleaning procedures.

APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND IN MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES: A REVIEW

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shobha Muthukumaran ◽  
Sandra E. Kentish ◽  
Geoff W. Stevens ◽  
Muthupandian Ashokkumar
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Separation Processes

The cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability of the hospitality industry in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 432-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhu Vij
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Comprehensive Treatment ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Present Context ◽  
Cost Competitiveness ◽  
Internal Operations ◽  
The Cost

Purpose This study aims to provide a comprehensive treatment of the various issues surrounding the concept of the cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability of the hospitality industry. We also investigate how innovations in the Indian hospitality industry can optimize costs without compromising the quality of the product or the services offered. Design/methodology/approach The methodology used is mainly survey-based with the use of both structured and unstructured questionnaires. In addition, some interviews were conducted with policy-makers and academics to explore from their perspectives what might be the innovations and sustainability issues in the next decade. Findings The paper helps to identify the essential aspects of cost competitiveness, competitiveness and sustainability in the hospitality industry and to better understand if cost optimization can be accomplished simply by realigning process or cost. These issues have become very important in India in the present context of globalization. Practical implications With growing competition on a global level, the hospitality industry needs to proactively manage its internal operations and focus on reducing costs and raising service quality. In this context, the paper helps to reveal sustainable cost effective practices that are geared to today’s competitive environment. Originality/value The inspiration to write this paper arises from the recent global economic slowdown and the fact that the hospitality industry is confronted with growing competition on a global level. This study highlights how value can be created for customers by applying suitable strategies.

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