scholarly journals The rise and fall of rationality in language

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (51) ◽  
pp. e2107848118
Author(s):  
Marten Scheffer ◽  
Ingrid van de Leemput ◽  
Els Weinans ◽  
Johan Bollen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Human Experience ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
The Past ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Political Argumentation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Google Search

The surge of post-truth political argumentation suggests that we are living in a special historical period when it comes to the balance between emotion and reasoning. To explore if this is indeed the case, we analyze language in millions of books covering the period from 1850 to 2019 represented in Google nGram data. We show that the use of words associated with rationality, such as “determine” and “conclusion,” rose systematically after 1850, while words related to human experience such as “feel” and “believe” declined. This pattern reversed over the past decades, paralleled by a shift from a collectivistic to an individualistic focus as reflected, among other things, by the ratio of singular to plural pronouns such as “I”/”we” and “he”/”they.” Interpreting this synchronous sea change in book language remains challenging. However, as we show, the nature of this reversal occurs in fiction as well as nonfiction. Moreover, the pattern of change in the ratio between sentiment and rationality flag words since 1850 also occurs in New York Times articles, suggesting that it is not an artifact of the book corpora we analyzed. Finally, we show that word trends in books parallel trends in corresponding Google search terms, supporting the idea that changes in book language do in part reflect changes in interest. All in all, our results suggest that over the past decades, there has been a marked shift in public interest from the collective to the individual, and from rationality toward emotion.

The MAD Nuclear Policy

Worldview ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
Paul Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New York ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Nuclear Forces ◽  
The Past ◽  
Nuclear Policy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
To Come

What are the imperatives for strategic thinking for the seventies? At the beginning of the seventies the United States adheres even more firmly to a policy of minimum or finite deterrence. Our power at all other levels of war and deterrence is increasingly challenged or outstripped. Even the possible vulnerability of our nuclear forces is tolerated for the sake of strategic disarmament treaties to come. It is difficult to tell the difference, for example, between editorials on strategic questions in the New York Times over the past two or three years and Dulles's “more bang for a buck” policy. The upshot seems clearly to be a i greater reliance on the most politically immoral nuclear posture imaginable, namely, Mutual Assured Destruction.

Making Mischief: Peter Kosminsky, Stephen Frears and British Television Docudrama

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Paget
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Active Role ◽  
September 11 ◽  
New Labour ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Television Drama ◽  
Tony Blair ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Relationship

This article compares and contrasts the ways in which two British television drama directors, Stephen Frears and Peter Kosminsky, critique political power in films screened as part of the BFI's 2009 ‘Radical Television Drama’ season. Frears’ The Deal (2003) and Kosminsky's The Government Inspector (2005) are films concerned with New Labour and its politics, and both take a provocative line towards its culture and policies. The Deal examines the party's rise to power in the 1990s, focusing on the relationship and rivalry for the party leadership between Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. The Government Inspector dramatises New Labour's behaviour during the critical historical period following the September 11 attack on New York, focusing in particular on the controversial case of the arms inspector, the late Dr David Kelly. The article analyses the films as docudrama, arguing that the form has raised its cultural profile over the past 20 years. Contemporary reviewing of the two films is used to throw light on wider debates about docudrama, including the notion of ‘blurred boundaries’ between drama and documentary. The analysis of key scenes from the two films contends that there are more similarities than differences in the approaches taken by the two directors. Docudramas like these, the article concludes, have an active role to play in oppositional politics.

Chomsky on State and Democracy

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Human Nature ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
The State ◽  
Noam Chomsky ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Power And Resistance ◽  
The Individual

According to the New York Times, Noam Chomsky is the most important intellectual of our time. He has not only revolutionised the theories of language and the human mind, but his concept of human nature has prompted him to fight for freedom and democracy and led to political analyses which concern the role of the state and the function of democracy (among others). The contributions to this book deal with the most important topics of his political work: human nature and the emergence of social institutions the relationship of the individual to the state and the gist of anarchism human rights and the notion of freedom power and resistance <b>With contributions by</b> Robert Barsky, Željko Bošković, Jean Bricmont, Günther Grewendorf, Georg Meggle, Milan Rai, Tom Roeper, Michael Schiffmann and Juan Uriagereka.

The Arctic: Press, Policy and the Arctic Council

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-38
Author(s):  
Yelena Yermakova
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Media Coverage ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Media

The changing situation in the Arctic due to global warming has prompted media coverage of a supposed “scramble for the Arctic,” an “Arctic boom,” or an “Arctic Bonanza.” Some even go further, deploying the rhetoric of a “New Cold War,” predicting an inevitable clash between the United States and Russia over interests in the region. The press coverage in both countries over the past decade reflects this new sensationalism. The academic literature unequivocally confirms that the press exerts substantial influence on governmental policy makers, and vice versa. However, while scholars agree that international organizations (IOs) are essential to shaping policies, the existing literature lacks research on media’s relationship with IOs, which often struggle to obtain the coverage and publicity they deserve. The Arctic Council has provided an effective platform for constructive dialogue and decision making involving the USA and Russia. Accordingly, despite disagreements in other regions of the world, the two global powers have managed to cooperate in the Arctic – notwithstanding recent media coverage painting a different and incomplete picture. This project surveys the media coverage of the Arctic over the past decade in Russia and the USA and its correlation with the Arctic Council’s activities. The analysis draws upon two prominent news organizations in Russia (Kommersant and Izvestiya) and two in the USA (the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal), as well as the Arctic Council’s press releases from June 2006 to June 2017. The paper finds that there is a clear disconnect between media coverage of the region and the Arctic Council’s activities. It recommends that the media pay more attention to the organization, particularly since it is the only prominent platform for international cooperation in the Arctic.

scholarly journals Extractive Text Summarization for Sports Articles using Statistical Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 5622-5627
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Statistical Method ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Text Summarization ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Predictive Score ◽  
The Past ◽  
Important Research Area ◽  
The Given

The past decade has endorsed a great rise in Artificial Intelligence. Text summarization which comes under AI has been an important research area that identifies the relevant sentences from a piece of text. By Text Summarization, we can get short and precise information by preserving the contents of the text. This paper presents an approach for generating a short and precise extractive summary for the given document of text. A statistical method for extractive text summarization of sports articles using extraction of various features is discussed in this paper. The features taken are TFISF, Sentence Length, Sentence Position, Sentence to Sentence cohesion, Proper noun, Pronoun. Each sentence is given a score known as the predictive score is calculated and the summary for the given document of text is given based on the predictive score or also known as the rank of the sentence. The accuracy is checked using the BBC Sports Article dataset and sports articles of various newspapers like the New York Times, CNN. The precision of 73% is acquired when compared with System Generated Summary (SGS) and manual summary, on an average.

scholarly journals The Bell Curve: An Essay Review

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
John C. Culbertson
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Essay Review ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Talk Shows ◽  
Class Structure ◽  
Bell Curve ◽  
American Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Popular Television

Occasionally a book out of academia will break from scholarly circles and enter into the mainstream market. On even rarer occasions, it will gain considerable notoriety before its initial publication. Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray's The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life is such a book. Currently, it has entered the New York Times best- sellers list and appeared in most academic and mainstream periodical book reviews. Direct publicity for the book has also been strong. Although Herrnstein died September 24 of the past year, Murray has appeared on many popular television and radio talk shows.

scholarly journals Image copywriting : genres and methods of creating the image texts

2020 ◽  
pp. 100-106
Author(s):  
N. Blynova ◽  
N. Polishko ◽  
A. Mykhailova
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Expert Opinion ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Electronic Media ◽  
Press Release ◽  
Network Communication ◽  
Direct Response ◽  
Web Space ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Web

The specificity of image copywriting, the features of storytelling as a method of writing image materials are considered. Image copywriting involves the creation of texts that shape and enshrine the image of the brand, the person and the service in the consumer’s mind. Historically, in Ukraine image texts were first circulated through the traditional and electronic media, and with the development of network communication an active functioning of such texts started on Internet, which proved its extraordinary effectiveness precisely when reaching the network audience. At the same time, the text does not only emphasize the positive aspects of the institution, product or service, does not call for something to buy or order. This is its key difference from the Direct-Response copywriting materials. Image copywriting has much in common with such journalistic genres as: review, press release, interview, biography, invitation, expert opinion, media statement. In the web space, the most prominent examples of the implementation of the image copywriting is the section "About Us", which is mandatory for many companies' sites, and is obligatory for any resource “Home” page.Today, the most commercially viable way of writing image texts is storytelling. It was first approached in the early 2010s in the New York Times. Simply and unobtrusively speaking about yourself, the company and the product is the best way to establish a connection with the consumer and the market is. A professionally created story not only create big interest but also arouse empathy in the readers, who begin to agree with the author. The unobtrusive presentation of information leads to the goal set by marketers: it is up to the individual to decide how to treat the material. Today, special storytelling techniques are being developed and actively operating to help copywriters to create image text of high quality.Such materials increase the trust of the target audience to the object of the image campaign, have lasting effect and remarkable commercial results.

Ghostcatching: An Intersection of Technology, Labor, and Race

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Goldman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Chamber Music ◽  
Political Identity ◽  
New York Times ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Past ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Lincoln Center

For the past few years, critics, fans, and even Bill T. Jones himself have been talking about the artist's move from explicitly political, identity-based works to an investigation of aesthetics and pure movement. They talk about the more conventional makeup of Jones's current ensemble—the fact that Lawrence Goldhuber and Alexandra Beller are no longer in the company, dancers described in theNew York Timesas “imperfect” because “chubbier than the norm” (Dunning 2002). They discuss the fact that Jones rarely uses text these days and is no longer confrontational. He dances to Beethover and performs at Lincoln Center with the Chamber Music Society. In a 1997 mterview with Richard Covington, Jones explains this shift in his work by stating, “It's not quite as sexy to talk about. What was being said in those earlier works was as important as how it was being danced. Here, I'm trying to think about how it's danced first, trusting that the political, social, all those things are in our bodies literally, and in the eyes of the beholder” (Covington 1997).

Allegiance to America: The Identity of Individuals in The Union

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Doerksen
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
American History ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
New York Times ◽  
National Union ◽  
Knights Of Labor ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Immigrant Background ◽  
American Society ◽  
The Individual

The individual has been an enduring figure in American history, claiming prominence even in the turbulent decades of the nineteenth century characterized by conflict between industrialists and collective unions. Andrew Carnegie captured the American press’ headlines during this period. However, his appearance in American publications, such as the New York Times and Harper’s Weekly, frequently coincided with news coverage of his adversary, the Knights of Labor (KOL). This conceptual binary provides an opportunity to explore the place of the individual and conversely the group in American history. Neither Carnegie nor the KOL escaped censure by the mainstream media or by extension, the American public. But despite Carnegie’s immigrant background and endorsement of his Scottish heritage, the media portrayed the industrialist as distinctly American while they depicted the KOL as distinct from Americans. Historiography attributes the dichotomy between representations of the elite and the working class to a disparity of capital. However, claims to patriotism had to be accepted by the mass public. Focus should be redirected to the publicized accounts of Carnegie’s public commitments which coincided with American conceptions of civic involvement and reinforced this individual’s place in American society. In contrast, the media’s portrayal of the KOL’s activities, which reflected their members’ interests, emphasized the union’s collective unity and insularity. In exploring definitions of patriotism and American identity, the contrasting representations of Carnegie and the Knights of Labor speak to the importance ascribed to individualism in America and the expectation that Americans pledge allegiance to a single, national Union.

Downtown, Uptown, Out of Town

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Borchert ◽  
Susan Borchert
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York Times ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Residential Patterns ◽  
The Past ◽  
Open Land ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City ◽  
Lincoln Park

In a recent New York Times article, Robert Sharoff reported on “a throwback to the early years of the 20th century when wealthy Chicago families tended to live in such close-in neighborhoods as Prairie Avenue and theGold Coast.” For the past five years, wealthy Chicagoans have been constructing “palatial residences of at least 6,000 square feet” in the Lincoln Park neighborhood a mile and one-half north of the Loop (Sharoff 2000: 36). This “return” of the well-to-do to the city contradicts traditional urban theories on elite residential patterns; the preponderance of these theories projects the upper class universally and continuously seeking the metropolitan fringe for new homes, more and open land, and/or lower density (Burgess 1925; Hoyt 1939; Alonso 1964; Adams 1987; Downs 1981; Luger 1996; Lowry 1960; Hartshorn and Muller 1989; and Knox 1994).These theories, as well as the notion of the recent return of the upper class to the city, mask a long history of continuing elite residence within some cities as well as considerable diversity in upper-class residence patterns and landscapes among cities.

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