Translation, the Great Pollinator of Science

Babel ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Fischbach

Abstract Medical science was the first to benefit from the transfer of knowledge through translation. Because of universal interest in the human body as well as the mostly Greco-Latin terminology, wealth of documentation, fewer lexicographic problems than other fields and a venerable history, medicine continues to thrive on information transfer through translation. A brief historical flashback illustrates the great pollinating role of translation in the dissemination and cross-fertilization of early medical knowledge. RÉSUMÉ La médicine a été la première science à tirer profit du transfert des connaissances par l'entremi-se de la traduction. La langue scientifique médicale étant principalement d'origine grecque et latine, le fait que la documentation médicale est abondante et universellement à la portée de tous, et que les êtres humains ont essentiellement la même anatomie partout où ils vivent, les textes de médecine présentent peut-être moins d'obstacle que d'autres au passage d'une langue et culture à une autre. L'auteur jette un bref coup d'oeil sur la longue et glorieuse histoire de la médecine, s'attardant aux jalons de cette science dans l'ancienne Grèce et Rome, et plus tard dans le monde arabe, où le savoir médical fut transféré uniquement par les traducteurs... d'Hip-pocrate et Galien à Asclépiade et Celse, et de Rome aux anciennes écoles médicales de Bagdad et de Damas, puis à celles de Tolède et de Salerne. Après la conquête de Tolède, où l'Archevêque Raymond avait établi une école de traduction, les savants occidentaux prirent contact avec la médecine arabe grâce aux traducteurs se servant du grec, du latin, de l'arabe et de l'hébreu, et après le 15e siècle, du français, de l'italien, de l'espagnol, de l'allemand et de l'anglais. C'est à l'école de Montpellier au début du 12e siècle que les savants juifs traduirent les textes médicaux arabes sous le haut patronage d'évèques catholiques. Les traductions du savant juif Faraj ben Salim des traités d'Ibn Sinâ Avicenne, dit le "Galien de l'Islam", ont achéminé les connaissances médicales de l'ancien monde au monde moderne. L'auteur en conclut que la traduction a joué un rôle prédominant dans la pollinisation, pour ne pas dire la fécondation active, de la science médicale à travers les âges.

Author(s):  
Thomas Neville Bonner

What was most compelling in the case for science in medicine after 1870 were the stunning achievements in laboratory medicine by that time. During the preceding decades, the work of laboratory scientists, especially in France and Germany, had brought a far more sophisticated understanding of the physical and chemical makeup and functioning of the human body and had produced a host of new tests, instruments, and techniques that were being increasingly used to study the sick patient. The role of bacteria in fermentation and then in wound pus had been demonstrated in the years preceding 1870, and they were now claimed to be responsible for a number of specific diseases. These discoveries, in turn, stimulated a great burst of energy in surgery, eventually gave a new and more certain basis to public health work, infused new optimism into the search for pharmacological remedies, and opened up new possibilities of protection against illness through deliberate immunization. Virtually no subject in the medical curriculum was untouched by the changes in medical knowledge, as dozens of new courses were created to teach the new viewpoints in disease. The new viewpoints were deemed necessary for students to master, even though they had as yet little impact on therapy. Contrary to some later critics, medicine has always been more than the simple application of “cures” to human ailments. For thousands of years as well as in our own time, the understanding of disease, its origins and causes, its transmission, and its prevention, prognosis, and palliation have been principal reasons for consulting a physician. In the years around 1870, in particular, science made enormous gains in understanding ancient afflictions and was gaining in ways to control, alleviate, and, in a few cases, to cure them. Was science important to medicine in these years, despite the slow pace of therapeutic change? Indeed it was, even if much of ordinary medical practice, especially the healing of many illnesses, was not immediately affected by what students learned. The rapid-fire developments of these years created a vision of an experimentally based, irresistible medical science that would soon sweep all doubts before it.


2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Constance Lavoie ◽  
Amélie Baillargeon

Cet article examine l’intégration d’une « conscience verte » chez les élèves d’écoles primaires en fonction de deux types d’éducation : bilingue ou unilingue. Dix des anciens interviewés sont diplômés de l’école unilingue, dont le curriculum est né pendant la colonisation, tandis que les dix autres sont allés à l’école bilingue où savoirs, savoir-faire et langues autochtones font partie des activités scolaires. L’article présente les principales préoccupations environnementales de vingt villageois burkinabè sous les angles de la santé, du genre, de la politique et de l’éducation ainsi que les pistes de réflexion qu’ils proposent. À partir des témoignages des interviewés, les auteures survolent les questions de l’urbanisme, de l’eau, de la déforestation, de l’alimentation, des maladies, des conditions de vie des femmes, du transfert des connaissances, de la préservation des langues autochtones, de la hiérarchie, de la protection de l’environnement ainsi que du rôle de l’éducation à ces égards. This article examines the integration of a « conscience verte » (ecological sense) among primary level students who received two different types of schooling :-- bilingual and uniligual. Ten of those interviewed were from a unilingual school whose curriculum dates to the time of colonization, whereas ten other students went to a bilingual school where knowledge, savoir-faire, and indigenous languages are part of the scholarly activities. The article presents the principal environmental preoccupations of the 20 students from Burkina Faso regarding issues of health, gender, policy and education as well as their opinions on how to address them. According to the reports of those interviewed, the authors consider questions of urbanization, of water, deforestation, nutrition, illnesses, the living conditions of women, the transfer of knowledge, preservation of indigenous languages, hierarchies and protection of the environment as well as the role of education to address these issues.


2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radisa Antic

Being conceived in the name of Christianity, the Church quickly mastered all of Western Europe, including medicine, which was developed in monasteries at first and at universities later on. The first hospitals were built within monasteries, and were used to treat monks and the general population in later times. With the founding of the first universities, medicine claimed its place in the world next to law, philosophy, and theology. In its early days, it was studied only as a theoretical science, but soon practical classes on cadavers were added. Universities were completely ruled by the Church, which meant that the curriculum had to be pre-approved by the Church, even the diplomas were presented by a bishop in a religious ceremony. Development of Serbian medieval medicine was under the influence of Byzantine and Italian (mainly Salernian) medicine. The greatest role in transfer of medical knowledge from the Byzantine Empire belonged to Serbian and Byzantine monks, while Italian doctors working in Serbia were responsible for the transfer of the Western medical knowledge. Serbian monarchs quickly started founding hospitals, both in and out of their domains, with the most famous ones being within monasteries such as Hilandar, Studenica, Pantokrator, Visoki Decani, Sveti Arhangel, etc. In addition to those, there were two more hospitals not related to monasteries in Kotor and Belgrade, named after Stefan Lazarevic. This contribution of Christianity to European medicine created a basis for a sudden development of medical science in the Renaissance.


2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 259-261
Author(s):  
Aamir Khan ◽  
Rajni K. Gurmule

Vasavaleha is one of the best medicine given for respiratory diseases. Corona viruses typically affect the respiratory system, causing symptoms such as coughing, fever and shortness of breath. It also affects host immune system of human body. Spreading rate of this disease is very high. Whole world is seeking for the treatment which can uproots this diseases. There in no vaccine available till date against this pandemic disease. Ayurveda mainly focuses on prevention of diseases alongwith its total cure. Rajyakshma Vyadhi is MadhyamMarga Roga as per Ayurveda. It shows many symptoms such as Kasa, Shwasa etc. By overall view of Covid 19, shows its resemblance with Rajyakshma Vyadhi described in Ayurveda. Vasavaleha is a Kalpa which is described in Rogadhikara of Rajyakshma. It shows Kasahara, Shwashara properties. It consists of Vasa, Pipalli, Madhu and Goghrita. These components shows actions like bronchodilation, antitussive effect and many more other actions. Pipalli shows important Rasayana effect. So in present review, we have tried to focus on role of Vasavaleha in the management of Covid 19. This can be used as preventive as well as adjuvant medication in treating Covid 19. There is need of further clinical research to rule of exact action of Vasavaleha against Covid 19.


2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 355-368
Author(s):  
YEVGENIY ALEKSANDROV

The aim of the article is to recall the fi steps of comprehension by the scientific community of possibilities of a newly born means of the reality reflection. The means was initially oriented for obtaining reliable information and supposing a delayed reaction of the spectator in the process of communication. Recollection and understanding become more important under the distance education condition. Pre-revolutionary Russia lived anticipating changes, and the filmmaking was considered by the society as one of those progressive phenomena evidencing the coming of a new age. The scientists’ activity during the development of scientific fi in pre-revolutionary Russia was long hushed up and wasn’t considered as forming a basis for the future system of educational audio-visual communication. In this process there participated striking, creative personalities, mostly belonged to the community of Imperial Moscow University, which activity was during the age of changes. The significant contribution of pleiad of eminent scientists’ activity to the new direction formation was a reason to unify in one paper both their whole professional life data and information about their time-limited period of scientific fi In the future a more profound study of their achievements are considered to be promising. In the introduction the anterior period of the Russian fi appearance, where the scientific and education community of Russia was exploring the possibilities of a new means of information transfer for education purposes, is considered. Two main units are dedicated to the role of scientists in the development of scientific filmmaking for research and popularization of biomedical and physical problems.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 663-669
Author(s):  
Hristina Milcheva ◽  
Pavlina Teneva ◽  
Katya Mollova ◽  
Albena Andonova

Achieving the desired high quality of student education is a major goal and task of the higher medical schools. Training is a very factual process involving not only learning and material facilities, but also teaching staff and motivated students. The main objective in the preparation of healthcare students is the quality practical training that modern higher education has to provide. No less important is the student's opinion on the methods and tools used in their training. For this reason, the younger generation sets its requirements in its formation as a medical specialist. The modern lecturer must skillfully pass on knowledge so that a transfer of competences from theory to practice can be successfully accomplished. The purpose: Establish the students' opinion on the quality of the learning process, allowing an effective transfer of competences from theory to practice. Materials and Methods: The analyzes in this report are from an anonymous questionnaire conducted among 145 students from the Thracian University from the professional field "Health Care" - first, second and third courses specialty "Rehabilitator therapist", "Medical Laboratory assistant", "Geriatric Care" and " Nursing "during the summer semester of the school year 2017/18. MSExcel and StatGrafics were used to process the data. Results and Discussion: To achieve effective training, it is imperative for lectures to maintain a high level of competence and constantly get acquainted with developments in medical science. Students highly appreciate as the most important qualities of the teacher's ability to maintain the interest of students "; "Attitude towards students" and its "competence". A significant percentage of those surveyed believe that the theory, in theory, finds real application in practice. A significant percentage of those surveyed believe that the theory, to practice, finds real application in practice. The transfer of knowledge from theory to practice is a two-way information process between lecturers and students of scientific knowledge and practical skills. Finally, we can point out that the transfer of competence from theory to practice is a process influenced by a number of factors such as: the professional competencies of the academic lecturer and the clinical tutor; better collaboration between the higher medical school and the clinical base; organization of training. Maintaining the interest of the students in acquiring the medical profession is an important prerequisite for their subsequent successful realization.


Author(s):  
Leonid Anatolievich Denisov ◽  
Mikhail Sergeevich Pakhomov

The article is devoted to a historical event that occurred 250 years ago in Moscow. The authors draw analogies between the plague epidemic and the current situation associated with a new coronavirus infection, and note what unites these events. It shows the dedicated work of doctors in the conditions of complete ambiguity of the causes and spread of these infections, in the absence of effective treatment methods, what was the behavior of the population, how prevention measures were developed, and what is the role of the authorities of Moscow and St. Petersburg in the fight. How the state of medical science and the level of health care, referred to by economists as the non — material sphere, can affect the physical and mental health of the population and the economic situation of the city, country and the whole World.


2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eman Almuhur ◽  
Manal Al-Labadi ◽  
Amani Shatarah ◽  
Nazneen Khan ◽  
Raeesa Bashir

Purpose This study aims to focus on electronic applications that have an effective role in raising the awareness of the dangers of viruses’ transmission from person-to-person and their positive and important impact on people’s lives. Design/methodology/approach The authors illustrated the effects of socializing with infected people on a human body by a model in geometry and how the prospected antibiotic annihilates the structure of the virus. The authors discussed vital operations inside the human body to expound the geometry of objects that are closed under their operations, such as viruses, especially Coronaviridae. Findings Also, the authors discussed some of the e-health applications in Jordan. As e-health activities, programs and applications have been given attention, the authors focused on potentials for constructing strategies that lead to create a featuring health technology. Originality/value Moreover, in this study, the authors explored the structure and geometry of Coronaviridae family, especially coronavirus that causes lots of diseases, and explained its movement mechanism using the mathematical structures.


2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth G Nabel

The role of a physician as healer has grown more complex, and emphasis will increasingly be on patient and family-centric care. Physicians must provide compassionate, appropriate, and effective patient care by demonstrating competence in the attributes that are essential to successful medical practice. Beyond simply gaining medical knowledge, modern physicians embrace lifelong learning and need effective interpersonal and communication skills. Medical professionalism encompasses multiple attributes, and physicians are increasingly becoming part of a larger health care team. To ensure that physicians are trained in an environment that fosters innovation and alleviates administrative burdens, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has recently revamped the standards of accreditation for today’s more than 130 specialties and subspecialties. This chapter contains 6 references and 5 MCQs.


1970 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-124
Author(s):  
RS Shishir ◽  
C Renita ◽  
AR Kumuda ◽  
BG Subhas

Use of herbal medicaments for dental pain is a practice still followed in some parts of rural India. Most often these herbal medicines are readily available to the rural without the prescription from an authorized practitioner. Eucalyptus oil is one such herbal drug which is widely used for a number of ailments. An unusual and a rare case of chemical injury secondary to the use of eucalyptus oil has been presented here. We have also described the management of the injury with herbal medication. This case report tends to highlights the dangers of self medication and also stresses on the role of herbal medications in dentistry. Keywords: Eucalyptus oil; chemical ulcers; acacia catechu; dentistry. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v10i2.7807 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.10 No.2 Apr’11 pp.121-124


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