Self-Organisation and Language Change

Diachronica ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Ehala

SUMMARY This paper introduces a model of language change based on the theory of self-organisation. It is argued that the structure of language is defined by speech as much as speech is determined by grammar and that the emergence of new grammatical options is a process of mutual interaction of these two sides of language. The main principle of this model of language change is that changes can happen only when the system's stability is lost. At this point, called bifurcation point, random fluctuations choose a new stable state. The stability of the system does not depend on fluctuations, but is a function of its control parameter. When this parameter reaches the critical point, one of the fluctuations starts to expand and leads the system into a new steady state. It is argued that external fields can influence the random nature of fluctuations which makes the corresponding changes ('natural' changes) recurrent crosslinguistically. RÉSUMÉ L'article presente un modele des changements langagiers ayant pour base la theorie de l'autoorganisation. Selon ce modele la structure d'une langue n'est pas definie par la grammaire, mais par le discours; les nouvelles structures grammaticales, elles, sont creees par l'interaction de la langue et la grammaire. L'idee principale du modele presente est le fait que les changements peuvent avoir lieu dans la langue seulement au cas où le systeme perd sa stabilite. A un moment donne, appele 'point de bifurcation', des fluctuations fortuites con-duisent le systeme de nouveau a un etat stable. La stabilite du systeme ne depend pas de fluctuations, c'est plutot une fonction d'un parametre de controls Si le parametre arrive a sa valeur critique, Tune des fluctuations croît en importance et conduit le systeme de nouveau a un etat stable. L'article avance l'hypothese que les champs de force peuvent influencer la distribution fortuite des fluctuations qui rend ces changements repetitifs parmi les langues. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Dieser Artikel stellt ein Sprachwandelmodell vor, das sich auf das Prinzip der Selbstorganisierung gründet. Nach diesem Modell definiert die Rede, nicht die Grammatik, die Struktur der Sprache, und neue grammatische Strukturen bilden sich durch den gegenseitigen EinfluB von Rede und Grammatik. Das Grundprinzip des vorliegenden Modells ist, daB die Anderungen in einer Sprache nur dann vorkommen, wenn das System seine Stabilitat verliert. In diesem Punkt, der als Bifurkationspunkt bezeichnet wird, fiihren die zufalligen Fluktuationen das System in den neuen stabilen Zustand. Die Stabilitat des Systems ist nicht von den Fluktuationen abhangig, sondern ist die Funktion des Kon-trolparameters, die das System leitet. Wenn dieser Parameter seinen kritischen Wert erreicht, nimmt eine von den beiden Fluktuationen zu und fiihrt das System zu einem neuen stabilen Zustand. Der Artikel stellt die Hypothese auf, daB die Kraftefelder auBer dem System die zufallige Distribution der Fluktuationen beeinflussen konnen und dadurch die entsprechenden (sog. natürlichen) Anderungen in den Sprachen der Welt haufig vorkommen.

Author(s):  
Nikolai Petrov ◽  
Nikolai Petrov ◽  
Inna Nikonorova ◽  
Inna Nikonorova ◽  
Vladimir Mashin ◽  
...  

High-speed railway "Moscow-Kazan" by the draft crosses the Volga (Kuibyshev reservoir) in Chuvashia region 500 m below the village of New Kushnikovo. The crossing plot is a right-bank landslide slope with a stepped surface. Its height is 80 m; the slope steepness -15-16o. The authors should assess the risk of landslides and recommend anti-landslide measures to ensure the safety of the future bridge. For this landslide factors have been analyzed, slope stability assessment has been performed and recommendations have been suggested. The role of the following factors have been analyzed: 1) hydrologic - erosion and abrasion reservoir and runoff role; 2) lithologyc (the presence of Urzhum and Northern Dvina horizons of plastically deformable rocks, displacement areas); 3) hydrogeological (the role of perched, ground and interstratal water); 4) geomorphological (presence of the elemental composition of sliding systems and their structure in the relief); 5) exogeodynamic (cycles and stages of landslide systems development, mechanisms and relationship between landslide tiers of different generations and blocks contained in tiers). As a result 6-7 computational models at each of the three engineering-geological sections were made. The stability was evaluated by the method “of the leaning slope”. It is proved that the slope is in a very stable state and requires the following measures: 1) unloading (truncation) of active heads blocks of landslide tiers) and the edge of the plateau, 2) regulation of the surface and groundwater flow, 3) concrete dam, if necessary.


2019 ◽  
Vol 136 ◽  
pp. 04023
Author(s):  
Ming Zhao ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
Hong Yan Guo ◽  
KaiCheng Hua

Based on the special geological conditions of a tunnel in Qingyuan section of Huizhou-Zhanzhou Expressway, FLAC3d numerical simulation software is used to simulate the rheological properties and instability of surrounding rock in large-section fully weathered sandstone section, and the stability and loss of surrounding rock are analyzed. The deformation of the dome and the face at steady state is analyzed. It is found that: 1) when the surrounding rock is in a stable state, the deformation curve of the dome is smooth. When the surrounding rock of the face is unstable, the front of the face appears ahead. Deformation should be first strengthened on the surrounding rock in front of the face. 2) The arched foot is an important part of the instability of the surrounding rock. In order to prevent the expansion of the collapsed part, the arched part should be reinforced. 3) In order to obtain the limit state of surrounding rock stability, the strength of surrounding rock is reduced, and the strength reduction coefficient corresponding to the displacement sudden point is taken as the safety factor of rock stability around the hole, and the stability safety coefficients of surrounding rock of each construction step are greater than 1.2. 4) The dynamic standard values of deformation control in the whole construction stage are obtained by analyzing the deformation curves of each data monitoring point with time in the corresponding time period of each construction step.


Author(s):  
Dejan Vasic ◽  
Yuan-Ping Liu ◽  
François Costa

Two novel piezoelectric damping techniques (VSD and PWMD) are compared in this paper to the traditional resonant shunt damping technique and SSDV technique. In VSD, the switching shunt circuit turns ON or OFF according to the polarity of the vibration velocity of the host structure to shift the piezoelectric voltage phase. An external voltage source is connected to enlarge the voltage amplitude across the piezoelectric element and to optimize the dissipated power. The PWM shunt technique not only can decrease the audible noises more efficiently but also ensure the stability of the control system with a constant voltage source. The theoretical and the experimental results show that the piezoelectric voltage can be adaptive to the vibration displacement by the pulse widths variation, so the PWMD can stay in stable state with a constant voltage source and can still provide a very good performance.


2020 ◽  
pp. 096739112093524
Author(s):  
Jiafang Xu ◽  
Moussa Camara ◽  
Hualin Liao ◽  
Hong Guo ◽  
Kouassi Louis Kra ◽  
...  

In the present study, we performed a molecular dynamics simulation of the intercalation of poly( N-isopropyl acrylamide) (NIPAM)3 and poly( N-vinyl caprolactam) (NVCL)3 trimers into Na-montmorillonite (Na-Mt) to evaluate their effects on the interlayer structure and the stability of hydrated Na-Mt. The impact of both trimers on the interlayer species and their dynamics properties at different temperatures in a canonical ensemble (NVT) were investigated. The results showed that the electrostatic forces exerted by Na cations on H2O molecules and the interlayer H2O molecular arrangement are not affected by the rise in temperature after adding both trimers. Trimer addition reinforced the structure of interlayer H2O molecules so that the effect of temperature increase on them became negligible. The structural dynamics evolution of the radius of gyration of both trimers showed the existence of conformation changes when temperature increased. These conformational changes are more complex in the case of (NVCL)3 than (NIPAM)3 due to its large monomers. Both trimers reduced the mobility of interlayer particles with a better inhibition effect obtained for (NVCL)3 compared to (NIPAM)3. The concentration profile of interlayers’ species showed the affinity of Na cations for clay mineral surfaces while H2O molecules moved away. Compared these two trimers, the most stable state of Na-Mt is achieved with (NVCL)3. These results could help highlight the inhibition properties of (NIPAM)3 and (NVCL)3 on hydrated Na-Mt and to predict its stability against changes in environmental conditions.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jianxiong Ye ◽  
Honglei Xu ◽  
Xueying Huang ◽  
Chongrong Ke ◽  
Enmin Feng

Glycerol can be biologically converted to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) byKlebsiella pneumoniae. In the synthesis pathway of 1,3-PD, the accumulation of an intermediary metabolite 3-hydroxypropionaldehyde (3-HPA) would cause an irreversible cessation of the dynamic system. Genetic manipulation on the key enzymes which control the formation rate and consumption rate of 3-HPA would decrease the accumulation of 3-HPA, resulting in nonlinear regulation on the dynamic system. The interest of this work is to focus on analyzing the influence of 3-HPA inhibition on the stability of the dynamic system. Due to the lack of intracellular knowledge, structural kinetic modelling is applied. On the basis of statistical account of the dynamical capabilities of the system in the parameter space, we conclude that, under weak or no inhibition to the reaction of 3-HPA consumption, the system is much easier to obtain a stable state, whereas strong inhibition to its formation is in favor of stabilizing the system. In addition, the existence of Hopf bifurcation in this system is also verified. The obtained results are helpful for deeply understanding the metabolic and genetic regulations of glycerol fermentation byKlebsiella pneumoniae.


2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan Ding ◽  
Yan-an Yao

This paper proposes a novel deployable hexahedron mobile mechanism that is rigidly linked by only prismatic joints. The mechanism that is a completely symmetrical structure can always keep the walking capability when any of its six faces of the hexahedron touches the ground. It can roll at any stable state. The configuration constructed by only prismatic joints makes it expand and contract as a deployable structure. In this paper, a method for constructing a deployable hexahedron mobile mechanism is proposed. The stability analysis and dynamic simulation of the walking and rolling are carried out. The necessary condition of tipping motion and the speed analysis of two different rolling gaits are studied in details. A binary control strategy is adopted to simplify the complexity of the control system. A pneumatic cylinder is chosen to be the binary actuator. A prototype composed of 180 pneumatic cylinders was fabricated. The validity of the walking and tipping functions are verified by the experimental results.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue Zhang ◽  
Kuanquan Wang ◽  
Qince Li ◽  
Henggui Zhang

Cardiac conduction disorders are common diseases which cause slow heart rate and syncope. The best way to treat these diseases by now is to implant electronic pacemakers, which, yet, have many disadvantages, such as the limited battery life and infection. Biopacemaker has been expected to replace the electronic devices. Automatic ventricular myocytes (VMs) could show pacemaker activity, which was induced by depressing inward-rectifier K+current (IK1). In this study, a 2D model of human biopacemaker was created from the ventricular endocardial myocytes. We examined the stability of the created biopacemaker and investigated its driving capability by finding the suitable size and spatial distribution of the pacemaker for robust pacing and driving the surrounding quiescent cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest that the rhythm of the pacemaker is similar to that of the single cell at final stable state. The driving force of the biopacemaker is closely related to the pattern of spatial distribution of the pacemaker.


2014 ◽  
Vol 638-640 ◽  
pp. 904-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Zhan Cui ◽  
Hua Jun Xue ◽  
Tian Yu He ◽  
Tao Tao Li ◽  
Jin Jing Zuo ◽  
...  

To control the stability of deep well broken surrounding rock, single-hole sonic method is used to test the loose circle of-1180 east-rock main roadway and its damage range. The study indicates the loose circle is about 1.8 ~ 2.2 m, which is typical large loose circle. And its button is slightly larger than two sides’, right side slightly larger than left. The roadway rock has some engineering features of soft rock. The broken and expand deformation of loose circle does large, difficult to support. Combined support is usually used in this rock condition.


2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Csaba Budai ◽  
László Kovács L.

In this paper, we investigate the combined effect of viscous damping and Coulomb friction on sampled-data mechanical systems. In these systems, instability can occur due the sampling of the applied discrete-time controller which is compensated by the two different physical dissipation effects. In order to investigate the interplay between these, we focus on how the stable domain of operation is extended by the dry friction compared to viscous damping. We also show that dry friction causes concave envelope vibrations in this extended region. The analytical results, presented in the form of stability charts, are verified by a detailed set of simulations at different representative control parameter values.


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