The expression of vulgarity, force, severity and size

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Willemsen ◽  
Ehm Hjorth Miltersen
Keyword(s):  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Neutral Base ◽  
The Cross

Abstract Phonaesthemes are a common phenomenon, but they are generally not in paradigmatic opposition like morphemes are (Svantesson 2017: 6). Reta, however, has a phonaesthemic contrast /l/~/r/, where /r/-colouring of neutral base words signifies an increase in vulgarity, intensity, size or severity (e.g. ɓela ‘bad’ vs. ɓera ‘terrible’, -ool ‘penis’ vs. -oor ‘cock’). This paper describes this phenomenon in detail, and provides a discussion as to whether it is best classified as morphological, phonaesthemic, or otherwise. We argue that, although some of the cross-linguistic criteria for phonaesthesia exclude phonaesthemic /r/ from being classified as such, it is not straightforwardly classified as either phonological or morphological. Using Kwon & Round’s (2015) criteria for phonaesthesia and derivational morphology, we compare Reta phonaesthemic alternations to similar phenomena in other languages. We argue that such alternations differ fundamentally from both non-alternating phonaesthemes and morphology, and are best construed as a distinct cross-linguistic category.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Back Pain in Children and Youth Aged 10–19 from the Area of the Southeast of Poland

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kędra ◽  
Dariusz Czaprowski
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lumbar Segment ◽  
The Cross

Objective. The aim of this work was to define the prevalence of back pain in children and youth aged 10–19 from the southeast of Poland.Material and Methods. The cross-sectional study included 1089 students (547 girls and 542 boys) aged 10–19. The prevalence of back pain, its intensity, location, and situations in which it occurred were assessed with a questionnaire.Results. Among 1089 respondents, 830 (76.2%) admitted that they had experienced back pain at various frequencies within the year preceding the study. Back pain was located mainly in the lumbar segment (74.8%). Mild pains were dominant, which was declared by 44.7% of the respondents. Girls experienced back pain significantly more frequently than boys (52.2% versus 47.8%,P<0.05).Conclusions. The research revealed that back pain is a common phenomenon. The prevalence of back pain in children and youth living in southeast Poland is similar to the frequency of occurrence of such complaints occurring in peers in other countries. It seems significant to monitor the remaining regions of Poland in order to define the scale of the problem and to look for the risk factors of back pain in children and youth to undertake efficient prophylactic actions.

scholarly journals Emotionsverben im Estnischen: Konstruktionsvarianz und Kausalstruktur

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 (61) ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Kutscher
Keyword(s):  
Causal Structure ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Quantitative Distribution ◽  
Theoretical Literature ◽  
The Cross

The article deals with the constructional variation of emotion predicates in Estonian. It gives an overview of constructional types, including information on their quantitative distribution. I show that one characteristic of Estonian is the formation of pairs of converses, i.e. paired emotion verbs, which have the same emotional semantics but different argument realisation patterns. These converses are based on derivational morphology, such as the causative morpheme -ta ‘CAUS’. Causative derivation has been adduced in the theoretical literature as support for the assumption that the cross-linguistically widespread constructional variation in emotion predicates has its origin in a difference in the causal structure in verbal semantics. The article shows that the data for Estonian contradict this assumption.

Open discussion

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 ◽  
pp. 605-613
Author(s):  
P. S. Conti
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
List Type ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Open Discussion ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Ring Nebulae

Conti: One of the main conclusions of the Wolf-Rayet symposium in Buenos Aires was that Wolf-Rayet stars are evolutionary products of massive objects. Some questions:–Do hot helium-rich stars, that are not Wolf-Rayet stars, exist?–What about the stability of helium rich stars of large mass? We know a helium rich star of ∼40 MO. Has the stability something to do with the wind?–Ring nebulae and bubbles : this seems to be a much more common phenomenon than we thought of some years age.–What is the origin of the subtypes? This is important to find a possible matching of scenarios to subtypes.

A New Approach to the Demonstration of Oxidase-Localization Using Tannic Acid Or Catechin

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 698-699
Author(s):  
V. Mizuhira ◽  
Y. Futaesaku
Keyword(s):  
Cross Section ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Elastic Fiber ◽  
The Other ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Tissue Block ◽  
Active Reaction ◽  
The Cross

Previously we reported that tannic acid is a very effective fixative for proteins including polypeptides. Especially, in the cross section of microtubules, thirteen submits in A-tubule and eleven in B-tubule could be observed very clearly. An elastic fiber could be demonstrated very clearly, as an electron opaque, homogeneous fiber. However, tannic acid did not penetrate into the deep portion of the tissue-block. So we tried Catechin. This shows almost the same chemical natures as that of proteins, as tannic acid. Moreover, we thought that catechin should have two active-reaction sites, one is phenol,and the other is catechole. Catechole site should react with osmium, to make Os- black. Phenol-site should react with peroxidase existing perhydroxide.

Structures Resembling Striated Rootlets in Oocytes

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 124-125
Author(s):  
Valerie V. Ernst
Keyword(s):  
Golgi Complex ◽  
Fibrous Structure ◽  
Oocyte Development ◽  
The Cross

During the earliest stage of oocyte development in the limpet, Acmea scutum, Golgi complexes are small, few and randomly dispersed in the cytoplasm. As growth proceeds, the Golgi complexes increase in size and number and migrate to the periphery of the cell. At this time, fibrous structures resembling striated rootlets occur associated with the Golgi complexes. Only one fibrous structure appears to be associated with a Golgi complex.The fibers are periodically cross banded with an average of 4 dense fibrils and 6 lighter fibrils per period (Fig. 1). The cross fibrils have a center to center spacing of about 7 run which appears to be the same as that of the striated rootlets of the gill cilia in this animal.

Energy Distribution in Electron Beams

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
Tamotsu Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Energy Distribution ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Integral Curve ◽  
Electron Beams ◽  
Electron Gun ◽  
Angular Divergence ◽  
Apparent Increase ◽  
Integral Width ◽  
The Cross

The energy distribution in an electron; beam from an electron gun provided with a biased Wehnelt cylinder was measured by a retarding potential analyser. All the measurements were carried out with a beam of small angular divergence (<3xl0-4 rad) to eliminate the apparent increase of energy width as pointed out by Ichinokawa.The cross section of the beam from a gun with a tungsten hairpin cathode varies as shown in Fig.1a with the bias voltage Vg. The central part of the beam was analysed. An example of the integral curve as well as the energy spectrum is shown in Fig.2. The integral width of the spectrum ΔEi varies with Vg as shown in Fig.1b The width ΔEi is smaller than the Maxwellian width near the cut-off. As |Vg| is decreased, ΔEi increases beyond the Maxwellian width, reaches a maximum and then decreases. Note that the cross section of the beam enlarges with decreasing |Vg|.

On the cross-sectional shape of the cellulose crystallites in the tunicate Halocynthia papillosa

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 566-567
Author(s):  
J.-F. Revol ◽  
Y. Van Daele ◽  
F. Gaill
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Imaging ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Bright Field ◽  
Field Mode ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Sectional Shape ◽  
Valonia Ventricosa ◽  
C Nmr

The only form of cellulose which could unequivocally be ascribed to the animal kingdom is the tunicin that occurs in the tests of the tunicates. Recently, high-resolution solid-state l3C NMR revealed that tunicin belongs to the Iβ form of cellulose as opposed to the Iα form found in Valonia and bacterial celluloses. The high perfection of the tunicin crystallites led us to study its crosssectional shape and to compare it with the shape of those in Valonia ventricosa (V.v.), the goal being to relate the cross-section of cellulose crystallites with the two allomorphs Iα and Iβ.In the present work the source of tunicin was the test of the ascidian Halocvnthia papillosa (H.p.). Diffraction contrast imaging in the bright field mode was applied on ultrathin sections of the V.v. cell wall and H.p. test with cellulose crystallites perpendicular to the plane of the sections. The electron microscope, a Philips 400T, was operated at 120 kV in a low intensity beam condition.

A Longitudinal Study of Mental Health in Emerging Adults

2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica S. Bachmann ◽  
Hansjörg Znoj ◽  
Katja Haemmerli
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Need Satisfaction ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Consistency Model ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Health Model

Emerging adulthood is a time of instability. This longitudinal study investigated the relationship between mental health and need satisfaction among emerging adults over a period of five years and focused on gender-specific differences. Two possible causal models were examined: (1) the mental health model, which predicts that incongruence is due to the presence of impaired mental health at an earlier point in time; (2) the consistency model, which predicts that impaired mental health is due to a higher level of incongruence reported at an earlier point in time. Emerging adults (N = 1,017) aged 18–24 completed computer-assisted telephone interviews in 2003 (T1), 2005 (T2), and 2008 (T3). The results indicate that better mental health at T1 predicts a lower level of incongruence two years later (T2), when prior level of incongruence is controlled for. The same cross-lagged effect is shown for T3. However, the cross-lagged paths from incongruence to mental health are marginally associated when prior mental health is controlled for. No gender differences were found in the cross-lagged model. The results support the mental health model and show that incongruence does not have a long-lasting negative effect on mental health. The results highlight the importance of identifying emerging adults with poor mental health early to provide support regarding need satisfaction.

The Cross-Cultural Equivalence of Parental Rearing Measure: EMBU-C

2006 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Deković ◽  
Margreet ten Have ◽  
Wilma A.M. Vollebergh ◽  
Trees Pels ◽  
Annerieke Oosterwegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Latent Factors ◽  
Immigrant Adolescents ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Parental Rearing ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Multigroup Confirmatory Factor Analysis

We examined the cross-cultural equivalence of a widely used instrument that assesses perceived parental rearing, the EMBU-C, among native Dutch and immigrant adolescents living in The Netherlands. The results of a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the factor structure of the EMBU-C, consisting of three latent factors (Warmth, Rejection, and Overprotection), and reliabilities of these scales are similar in both samples. These findings lend further support for the factorial and construct validity of this instrument. The comparison of perceived child rearing between native Dutch and immigrant adolescents showed cultural differences in only one of the assessed dimensions: Immigrant adolescents perceive their parents as more overprotective than do Dutch adolescents.

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