Consequences of the conflation of xiao and filial piety in English

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-316
Author(s):  
James St. André
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Filial Piety ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese Philosophy ◽  
English Expression ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
Chinese Term ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article examines the development over time of the English expression “filial piety” in order to document how, at least partly in response to pressure from an equivalence that is established with the Chinese term xiao (孝) in the seventeenth century, the term takes on new and increasingly negative connotations in English. As an important concept in Chinese philosophy, xiao occurs in many important early texts, including the Confucian Analects and, although the way the term is interpreted varies over time, remains central to many debates about Chinese culture right to this day. As the link between filial piety and xiao strengthens through the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, “filial piety” thus unsurprisingly becomes identified as one of a small group of key terms that were increasingly thought to explain all differences between the British and the Chinese. This article examines how the term “filial piety” evolves from a natural and universal impulse due to its connection with Christianity, with China initially as a particularly good example of this universal from whom everyone can learn, through various increasingly negative shifts due to the perceived conflict between filial piety and romantic love, as well as its increasing association with the Chinese, who by the end of the nineteenth century were seen as held back by the extreme nature of their practices. Today, filial piety as a term is seen as mainly or entirely local and specific to China, and by extension, something potentially holding it back from modernity.

TRANSFORMING THE CHARACTER OF THE UPPER MISSISSIPPI RIVER

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
KRISTAN COCKERILL
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
River Management ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Upper Mississippi River ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Despite the long-understood variability in the Mississippi River, the upper portions of the river have historically received less attention than the lower reach and this culminated in the lower river dominating twentieth century river management efforts. Since the seventeenth century, there have been multiple tendencies in how the upper river was characterized, including relatively spare notes about basic conditions such as channel width and flow rates which shifted to an emphasis on romantic descriptions of the riparian scenery by the mid-nineteenth century. Finally, by the late nineteenth century the upper river was routinely portrayed as a flawed entity requiring human intervention to fix it. While the tone and specific language changed over time, there remained a consistent emphasis that whatever was being reported about the river was scientifically accurate.

Poliomyelitis

2020 ◽  
pp. 151-186
Author(s):  
Michael B. A. Oldstone
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
Disease Entity ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Specific Disease ◽  
Large Populations ◽  
Attenuated Viruses ◽  
Over Time

This chapter addresses how polio was first discovered and then controlled, the problems with its elimination, and the argument for continued vaccination to ensure control. Polio was not defined as a specific disease entity until the late seventeenth century. Meanwhile, paralytic poliomyelitis epidemics first became known in the nineteenth century. Whether or not sporadic outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred earlier is less certain and a matter of disagreement. The chapter then looks at the three main personalities who were fundamental in developing the vaccine for poliomyelitis: Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin, and Hilary Koprowski. Jonas Salk and his colleagues chemically inactivated the poliomyelitis virus with formaldehyde and provided a vaccine that produced immunity and dramatically lowered the incidence of poliomyelitis. However, this immunity waned over time. Additionally, administration by needle made vaccinations of large populations difficult. For these and other reasons, Koprowski, Sabin, and others independently worked on the development of a vaccine with live attenuated viruses. Without such combined efforts, the vaccine would never have materialized.

Ottoman Tapu Title Deeds In The Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries: Origin, Typology And Diplomatics

2000 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Minkov
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
National Library ◽  
Land Transfer ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

AbstractAlthough the existence of tapus is well known, their typology, form, and structure have not been the object of a detailed analysis. Based on research undertaken in the Ottoman archive of the National Library of Bulgaria, I analyze eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Ottoman tapu title deeds. I argue that their 'classical' eighteenth-and nineteenth-century form is the outcome of the amalgamation of (1) receipts for payment of the tapu fee (resm-i tapu) and (2) records of land transfer. I also argue that the process of amalgamation probably started in the middle of the sixteenth century and continued until the second half of the seventeenth century.

Privacy, Display and Over Extension: Walter Strickland's Rebuilding of Sizergh

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 ◽  
pp. 197-245
Author(s):  
Ian Goodall
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Sizergh– known as Sizergh Hall from the seventeenth century, and renamed Sizergh Castle in the mid-nineteenth century– has been the seat of the Strickland f amily for over seven hundred years. Although it has a medieval core, the house as it exists today is substantially the work of Walter Strickland (1516–69) who, in the mid- 1550s, initiated a comprehensive rebuilding programme, which more than trebled it in size. The enlarged house, built around three sides of a courtyard, reflected, in its rooms and their disposition, the concern for privacy and segregation that characterized the age. The fitting-out of the interior with high-quality panelling, ceilings and furnishings was incomplete on Walter's death, but was continued by his family over the next two or three generations. The house was altered and subdivided during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, but much of the integrity of the mid-sixteenth-century building still survives.

The Limits of the Law in Claiming Rights to Land in a Settler Colony: South Australia in the Early-to-Mid Nineteenth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-657
Author(s):  
Bain Attwood
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
South Australia ◽  
British Colony ◽  
The Law ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Over Time

In recent decades a large amount of scholarship has been devoted to the task of explaining the ways in which European powers claimed possession of indigenous people's territories across the seventeenth, eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This research has emphasised the role of the law in the dispossession of indigenous peoples. But more work is required to establish the precise roles that the law played in the claiming of land and to measure its importance relative to other factors. In this paper I consider one British colony, South Australia, in order to investigate the changes that occurred in the roles that the law performed over time in the claiming of the indigenous people's lands, and to assess the importance of these relative to the roles played by historical, moral, political, psychological and material factors. I conclude that in this instance at least the role that the law played in the claiming of possession was rather different than that suggested by numerous studies of the claiming of possession as well as much less significant.

The Nude in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Russian Sculpture

Experiment ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Samu
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Peter The Great ◽  
Socialist Realist ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article analyzes Russian attitudes toward nudity in art in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, from the importation of Italian nudes by Peter the Great to the continued study of the nude model by Socialist Realist artists. Questions addressed include the reception of nude sculpture in Russia and its change over time; the role of life models; and the subject matter sculptors chose.

Translating Christianity and Buddhism: Catholic Missionaries in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Burma

2017 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 324-337
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Finch
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Christian Communities ◽  
Catholic Mission ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Canonical Texts ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Catholic mission in Burma during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries provides evidence for the importance of translation as an element of both Christian evangelism and apologetic. In Burma missionaries were faced by a varied linguistic environment, which became more complex over time. An effective mission required Burmese and the two Karen dialects. Additionally, missionaries were pastors to existing Portuguese Christian communities. British expansion during the nineteenth century added English and Tamil to these pastoral languages. English also became a language of education, Christian debate and mediation. Those wishing to understand Buddhism through its canonical texts had to acquire, or borrow from Buddhist monks, expertise in Pali. This translation and interpretation of Buddhist texts became a tool for both evangelization and Christian defence. In this latter role, the manner in which Buddhist terms were translated or employed became significant within wider European debates concerning the relationship of Christianity to Buddhism.

scholarly journals The McCrone Atlas of Microscopic Particles: The Modern Dynamic Particle Reference Resource

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 44-47
Author(s):  
David A. Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Identification Keys ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

Microscopists have been identifying particulate matter since the seventeenth century. Reference sets of study slides, identification keys, and even atlases of specific groups of microscopic substances were prepared throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. During the latter half of the nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, these types of resources grew in volume, but none of them attempted to be a comprehensive source.In 1967, Dr. Walter C. McCrone and his colleagues changed the practice of microscopy with the publication of The Particle Atlas, Edition I. This single volume first edition, a photomicrographic atlas, illustrated and described 404 substances based on analyses using the polarized light microscope.

The Portuguese on the Zambezi: An Historical Interpretation of the Prazo System

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. D. Newitt
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Local Administration ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Administrative Policy ◽  
African Slaves ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries

From the sixteenth century until the coming of the Salazar regime, Portuguese control in the Zambezi basin rested on the prazos da coroa—grants of crown land. Portuguese acquisition of land and jurisdiction began with the establishment of the trading fairs in Mashonaland in the second half of the sixteenth century. Private titles first became common in the seventeenth century, when individual conquistadores, who had obtained concessions from chiefs in return for their help in local wars, sought official titles for their land from the Portuguese crown. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the Crown tried to modify the terms of these grants and alter the character of the institution of the prazos. The prazo-holders successfully resisted these encroachments because their power rested on their followings of African slaves and clients, and on their control of local administration and their family alliances. In the nineteenth century their dependence on their African followings, coupled with increasing inter-marriage, greatly accentuated the African characteristics of the prazos. The most important of the prazo holders became the chiefs of newly emerging African peoples, and adopted the customs and beliefs associated with chieftainship. At the same time the disordered state of the Zambezi following the Ngoni invasions and the growth of the slave-trade eliminated the weaker families and concentrated power effectively in the hands of four major family groupings. The wars waged by the Portuguese government against these families lasted from the 1840s till teh end of the century. In spite of many victories, the internal feuds among the prazo families and the establishment of British administration in Central Africa brought about the end of their dominance. The prazos themselves survived into the twentieth century as units of fiscal and administrative policy.

Seeing and Tasting

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryann Tebben
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Origin Stories ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
Visual Element ◽  
French Identity

Drawing from historical cookbooks, literary works, and contemporary sources, this article traces a shift in the conception of the French dessert course from an adjunct but fully edible form in the seventeenth century to a mainly visual element in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to the current balance between edibility and “legibility” in iconic desserts. What was once simply fruit and then pure ornament is now at once delicious and symbolic. The essay argues that present-day desserts represent a merging of taste and aesthetics, with the “decoration” now in the form of a colorful and sometimes invented history. When the dessert course was democratized in the nineteenth century—open to bourgeois tables—specific dishes became “textualized,” codified by name and form and inscribed with origin stories that connect these dishes to French identity, making dessert both symbolically and materially accessible to a wider public.

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