Models of what processes?

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Chesterman

Toury (1995, 2012) distinguishes between cognitive translation acts on the one hand, and sociological translation events on the other; a translation act is embedded in a translation event, and both acts and events are seen as processes. He also explains three senses of ‘translation problem,’ which relate to different notions of the processes involved in the translation act. The present paper analyzes and develops these ideas. It distinguishes between what are here labeled virtual, reverse-engineered, and actual processes of translation acts or events, which correlate with Toury’s three senses of ‘translation problem.’ A few examples are given of models of each kind of process, both classical and more recent ones. Also discussed is the extent to which the various models are predictive and hence testable. To designate the translation process at the historical and cultural level, alongside the mental act and the situational event, the term ‘translation practice’ is suggested.

Target ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwona Mazur

In recent years localization has become a popular concept in both translation practice and theory. It has developed a language of its own, which, however, still seems to be little known among translation scholars. What is more, being primarily an industry-based discourse, the terms related to localization are very fluid, which makes theorizing about it difficult. Therefore, the aim of this article is, first of all, to explain the basic terms of the metalanguage of localization, as they are used by both localization practitioners and scholars, and, secondly, to make this metalanguage more consistent by proposing some general definitions that cover the basic concepts in localization. This, in turn, should, on the one hand, facilitate scholar-to-practitioner communication and vice versa and, on the other, should result in concept standardization for training purposes. In the conclusions I link the present discussion of the metalanguage of localization to a more general debate on metalanguage(s) in Translation Studies and propose that in the future we might witness the emergence of a new discipline called Localization Studies.


Babel ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Calzada Perez

Since ancient times the suasive value of rhetorical figures has been vastly studied. In fact, Aristotle himself argued that the aim of rhetoric was not just to persuade but to find the best methods of persuasion (Aristotle, Retorica, ed. 1990). These methods have been frequently used in advertising, where they are employed to capture the consumer’s attention and, consequently, to sell the advertised product. However (despite the frequent appearance of rhetorical figures in advertising), there is a scarcity of studies on the role of these persuasive mechanisms in the translation of publicity. Bearing upon the “new rhetoric”, the present paper has a twofold purpose. On the one hand, it aims to import a clear taxonomy of rhetorical figures from advertising into translation studies and subsequently to illustrate the transfer of these figures. On the other hand, it analyses the behaviour of rhetorical figures in the translation process by means of an empirical investigation whose goal it is to further categorise them in a systematic and rational way. Drawing upon the seminal work of McQuarrie and his collaborators, the paper performs a quantitative analysis of a corpus of 120 matching pairs consisting of English advertisements and their existing Spanish counterparts. Results evidence that a great majority of rhetorical figures are “translated”, thus confirming the globalising tendencies of advertising.


Author(s):  
Marcel Thelen

This paper discusses two problem areas of Terminology: the word-term dis-tinction and a particular type of terminological relation, viz. the complex or associative relation. Both areas will be discussed in the light of the actual practice of translating and the translator. It will be argued that for the trans-lator to deal with these areas successfully there should be a contribution from basic translation practices and Translation Studies, on the one hand, and from Lexicology, notably TCM (“Two-Cycle Model of Grammar”), on the other.


2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-447
Author(s):  
Alexandra Lukes

This article explores the covert practice of literary back-translation, here called ‘crypto-back-translation’, through an analysis of Luis D'Antin van Rooten's Mots d'Heures: Gousses, Rames. The book contains homophonic translations of Mother Goose's Rhymes, but is presented as a collection of original French poems, edited by van Rooten with explanatory notes and translations. The article argues that crypto-back-translation takes two forms: on the one hand, it constitutes a hermeneutic strategy used by van Rooten to amuse and confound his readers, by producing new versions of known English nursery rhymes under the guise of erudite notes; on the other, it forms part of the reading process, by evoking preverbal memories of sound association, connected to language acquisition in the context of the nursery. More generally, the article discusses the role of humour and deception in translation practice, translation methodology, and the emotional, psychological, and physical effects of literary back-translation.


Babel ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Laurence Wong

Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between syntax and translatability, particularly in respect of literary texts. By translatability is meant the degree of ease with which one language lends itself to translation into another language. Through practice in the translation between Chinese and some of the major European languages, such as English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Latin, and Greek, as well as between the European languages themselves, it can be found that translating between the European languages is much easier than translating between Chinese and any one of the European languages. Of all the factors that determine whether a language translates more readily or less readily into another language, syntactic differences constitute one of the most decisive. This is because the translator is, during the translation process, constantly dealing with syntax in two directions: the syntax of the source language on the one hand and the syntax of the target language on the other. As a result, problems arising from the syntactic differences between the two languages are bound to figure more prominently than those arising from the differences between individual lexical items and phrases or between cultures. In this paper, syntax will be studied and analysed with reference to Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Greek texts. Finally, it will be shown that, mainly because of syntactic differences, there is a higher degree of translatability between any two of the above European languages (which are members of the Indo-European family) than between Chinese (which is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family) and any one of these European languages, and that the syntax of any one of these European languages can cope comfortably with Chinese syntax, but not the other way round. Résumé Cet article traite de la relation entre la syntaxe et la traduisibilité, en particulier, en ce qui concerne les textes littéraires. On entend par traduisibilité le degré de facilité avec laquelle une langue se prête à la traduction dans une autre. Par la pratique de la traduction entre le chinois et quelques-unes des principales langues européennes, comme l’anglais, le français, l’italien, l’allemand, l’espagnol, le latin et le grec, ainsi qu’entre les langues européennes mêmes, on s’aperçoit qu’il est beaucoup plus facile de traduire entre les langues européennes qu’entre le chinois et n’importe quelle langue européenne. Parmi tous les facteurs qui déterminent si une langue se traduit plus ou moins aisément dans une autre, les différences syntactiques comptent parmi les plus décisifs. Ceci est dû au fait que le traducteur, pendant le processus de traduction, est constamment confronté à une syntaxe dans deux directions : la syntaxe de la langue source, d’une part, et la syntaxe de la langue cible, d’autre part. En conséquence, les problèmes dus à des différences syntactiques entre les deux langues doivent nécessairement apparaître de manière plus évidente que ceux provenant de différences entre les syntagmes et éléments lexicaux individuels ou entre les cultures. Dans cet article, la syntaxe sera étudiée et analysée en référence à des textes en chinois, anglais, français, allemand, italien, espagnol, latin et grec. Enfin, il montrera qu’en raison des différences syntactiques surtout, la traduisibilité est plus grande entre deux langues européennes précitées quelles qu’elles soient (qui appartiennent à la famille indo-européenne) qu’entre le chinois (qui appartient à la famille sino-tibétaine) et une quelconque de ces langues européennes. Il montrera que la syntaxe de toute langue européenne peut sans difficulté venir à bout de n’importe quelle syntaxe chinoise, mais que l’inverse n’est pas vrai.


2020 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Andrada Fătu-Tutoveanu

"The difficult problem of accurately translating both form and message takes a complicated turn when we refer to the translation of literature under Cold War totalitarian regimes. On the one hand, translation was a field in which many Romanian writers or prestigious intellectuals took refuge when banished from other cultural or academic professions. On the other hand, the system involved all along the phenomenon of censorship and self-censorship, literary purges and the organisation of secret funds. These political interferences that marked the translation process are discussed in the memoirs which serve as the focus of this paper."


2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åse Johnsen

This article reports on a study with two main purposes: on the one hand to look into the revision process in translation from Norwegian into Spanish, especially the revision of the title of a text, and on the other hand to compare the translation behavior of three different groups of participants with regard to the translation and revision of the title. The study was carried out by analyzing Translog keystroke data from language students, translation students, and professional translators during the 2011–2012 academic year at the University of Bergen, Norway. The study results show a lack of cohesion between the title and the body of the text in some of the target texts, and indicate that the number of revisions and the variations in the solutions of the translation of the title increase according to the subjects’ experience and translation training. The study also indicates that an additional phase of the translation process may be identified in keystroke data from Translog.


Target ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adolfo Martín García

The purpose of this paper is twofold: on the one hand, it seeks to introduce and explain the CIS (Circumscribed Infinites Scheme), a deconstructive scheme for translating poetry; and, on the other, it aims at analyzing the scheme’s impact on the translation into English of a variety of poems by Jorge Luis Borges. Devised by the present author, who is also responsible for the translations analyzed, the CIS is a translational scheme whereby meaning is understood as an inexhaustible textual effect, and which, in its theoretical elucidation, seeks to raise the practicing translator’s awareness of the control he or she might have over the degree of infinite exegetic circumscription—and subsequent infinite exegetic recreation—during the translation process.


Author(s):  
Kathleen Jeffs

This chapter discusses the degree to which the texts in the RSC’s Spanish Golden Age season accomplished Boswell’s goal for these to be ‘accurate translations’ and ‘not adaptations’. Despite both theoretical and practical problems presented by using a ‘literal’ translation as part of the translation process of the comedia, it is a valuable step in translating plays of the Golden Age for English audiences. The wider purpose of this chapter is to develop a vocabulary and a vision of how the literal-to-performance-text transmission process might be improved. This allows for a more symbiotic relationship between the work of scholars, critics, and translators on the one hand, and that of theatre professionals on the other, in order to create a more robust comedia performance tradition and a model which will be useful for other foreign translations.


The aim of this chapter is to present a proposal of transference strategies in order to identify and describe, from a translation point of view, the most frequently used strategies in the translation of the guidebooks from the business tourist sector. This will be very useful to compare communication features between English and Spanish and to ultimately enhance translation practice. The term that the authors will use to designate the translator's performance when faced with the translation of lexical elements of the promotional guides of the business tourism sector will be “transfer strategy.” The choice of this term lies mainly in the fact that most of the authors of the existing literature relate the term “strategy” to “problem.” On the other hand, the use of the term “strategy” instead of “operation” lies in the commonness of the term. The authors believe that the term “transfer strategy” is the one that best reflects the solutions that must be taken during the translation task of these promotional guides.


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