Relations between terms: a cognitive approach. The interaction between Terminology, Lexicology, Translation Studies and translation practice

This paper discusses two problem areas of Terminology: the word-term dis-tinction and a particular type of terminological relation, viz. the complex or associative relation. Both areas will be discussed in the light of the actual practice of translating and the translator. It will be argued that for the trans-lator to deal with these areas successfully there should be a contribution from basic translation practices and Translation Studies, on the one hand, and from Lexicology, notably TCM (“Two-Cycle Model of Grammar”), on the other.

Penerapan Association Rules - Market Basket Analysis untuk Mencari Frequent Itemset dengan Algoritma FP-Growth

<p><strong>In retail stores, product variations and prices are the main attraction. Products with many discounts are the most sought-after products. The promotion itself requires a special method for determining the discount. The layout in supermarkets is also something that retail stores need to pay attention to. One method that can be used to determine the product layout, promo for each product is Market Basket Analysis. The purpose of this research is to determine associative relation that occurs between items and to find out the solution to the problem of layout arrangement, catalog creation, and determination of shopping vouchers in Gading Mas Swalayan 1 based on the output of Rapid Miner software. Based on the output results obtained 7 associative relationships that have a lift ratio value &gt; 1 and it can be seen the determination of the layout of the item, catalog, and shopping voucher form. Layout changes are made for the comfort and convenience of consumers in taking the products they need and cataloging is determined by combining frequently purchased products with products that are rarely purchased. And the making of shopping vouchers is used to provide discounted prices where this is to reduce inventory and attract consumers.</strong></p><p><strong>Keywords – </strong><em>Market Basket Analysis, Rapid Miner, Retail, The relation of associative</em></p>

Basic Motivic Analysis

Chapter 5 establishes the rules and guidelines for basic motivic analysis (BMA), the more elementary mode of analysis limited to examining the pitch and rhythmic content of music. The first part of the chapter establishes a standard procedure for reduction, or extracting motives from ornamented melodies; this includes rules for motives spanning multiple phrases. The second part of the chapter establishes rules for associating shapes within a work. Such associations are required to be literal, in stark contrast to Schoenberg’s philosophy of Developing Variation. The allowable transformations in pitch are transposition, inversion, and retrograde, and in rhythm are the duration scaling operations, augmentation and diminution. A single, informal associative relation, “sensed connection,” may be used to indicate an analyst’s artistic intuitions about motivic relationships that are unprovable. A last set of rules delineates a proper format for BMA. An analysis must be structured around a single source event called a Focal Point, that occurs near the beginning and furnishes all or nearly all relevant shapes in the piece. Motives must be derived from the Focal Point in forward order (propagative). Discussion is supported by analyses of excerpts by Bach, Beethoven, Brahms, Mozart, Rossini, and Pierre Leemans.

Associative relations of Serbian adjectives in the free association verbal test

Previous research on the associative relations of adjectives is not unanimous in terms of whether participants more often respond by using nouns or adjectives in free association tests. On the other hand, when it comes to paradigmatic associative relationships, researchers agree that native speakers respond to adjective stimuli mostly by associations of opposite meaning, but generally do not state the percentage, since conclusions are often made on the basis of the dominant associate, and not upon the entire associative field. Therefore, 45 associative fields of adjectives of the Serbian language are analyzed based on the material obtained from two associative dictionaries, prepared on the basis of the responses of 800 participants (ranging from 18 to 25 years of age) and 1,200 participants of different ages (groups of 5, 9, 13 and 17 years of age, each of which comprised 300 participants). The aim of this study is to examine the ratio of syntagmatic and paradigmatic associations of adjectives, as well as the paradigmatic type of relation between the adjective-type stimuli and their associates (the closeness and the oppositeness of meaning and other types of associative relations). The material was annotated according to parts of speech, as well as according to the types of associative relations. The quantitative results showed that the associations of examined adjectives are slightly more frequently syntagmatic (52%) than paradigmatic (44%), while the oppositeness of meaning proved to be the most common as well as the strongest associative relation of commonly used adjectives of the Serbian language.

Thrombotic events in rare kinds of genetic thrombophilias

Цель исследования: изучить лабораторный фенотип редких мутаций Лейдена [FVL А(1961)A] и гена протромбина [FII А(20210)A] при их клинической реализации в виде тромбозов. Материалы и методы. Проведено многоцентровое проспективное наблюдательное исследование, включающее 80 носителей редких генетических форм тромбофилий: FVL А(1961)A (n = 31), FII А(20210)A (n = 10) и компаунд FII G(20210)A + FVL G(1691)A (n = 39). У всех пациентов исследована резистентность фактора Va к активированному протеину С (APC-R) по нормализованному отношению (НО) и уровень активности протромбина в плазме крови в состоянии физического здоровья и в случае эпизода тромботического события. Результаты. Определена ассоциативная связь развития тромботических событий со снижением НО при оценке APC-R как у гомозиготных носителей мутации Лейден (Ме = 0,35; 95% ДИ = 0,31–0,37 по НО), так и гетерозиготных компаундов (Ме = 0,43; 95% ДИ = 0,42–0,45 по НО). Заключение. Лабораторный мониторинг пациентов с редкими формами генетических тромбофилий позволяет выделить группу высокого тромбогенного риска, нуждающуюся в пролонгированной тромбопрофилактике. Objectives: to study the laboratory phenotype of rare Leiden mutation [FVL A(1961)A] and the prothrombin gene mutation [FII А(20210)A] implementating clinically as thrombosis. Patients / Methods. A multicenter prospective observational study included 80 carriers of rare genetic kinds of thrombophilia: FVL A(1961)A (n = 31), prothrombin FII А(20210)A (n = 10) and the compound FII G(20210)A + FVL G(1691)A (n = 39). All patients were tested for the factor Va resistance to activated protein C (APC-R), normalized ratio (NR), and the plasma prothrombin activity (%) in healthy conditions and in the case of thrombotic event. Results. An associative relation between the development of thrombotic events and a decrease in NR was determined when assessing APC-R, both in homozygous carriers of the Leiden mutation (Me = 0.35; 95% CI = 0.31–0.37 in NR) and heterozygous compounds (Me = 0.43; 95% СI = 0.42–0.45 in NR). Conclusions. Laboratory follow up for patients with rare kinds of genetic thrombophilias allows to identify a group at high thrombogenic risk requiring prolonged thromboprophylaxis.

АЛЕЛЬНИЙ ПОЛІМОРФІЗМ СИСТЕМИ HLA У ХВОРИХ НА ХРОНІЧНУ МІЄЛОЇДНУ ЛЕЙКЕМІЮ З е13а2 та е14а2 ТРАНСКРИПТАМИ ГЕНА BCR/ABL1

To study the associative relation of polymorphic HLA gene variants and BCR/ABL1 transcript types in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) 87 CML patients were examined. 42 patients had e13a2 BCR/ABL1 transcript and 45 patients had e14a2 BCR/ABL1 transcript. The prevalence of the genes allelic variants of major histocompatibility complex was analyzed and the association coefficients for the disease risk depending on the presence of certain types of BCR/ABL1 transcripts were calculated. Unconditional markers of increased risk of CML (HLA-DRB1*11) and markers of resistance to CML (HLA-A*03) were highlighted. The allele frequencies of HLA-A*03, HLA-A*68, HLA-B*08, HLA-B*15, HLA-B*40, HLA-DRB1*04, DQB1*06 were significantly reduced and allele frequencies of HLA-DRB1*12 and DRB1*11 were increased in patients with the e13a2 transcript compared to healthy people. The allele frequencies of HLA-A*03, HLA-A*11, HLA-B*08, HLA-B*14, HLA-B*40, HLA-DRB1*04 and DQB1* 03 were significantly reduced and the allele frequency of HLA-DRB1*11 was significantly increased in patients with e14a2 transcript compared to healthy persons. Thus, the individual analysis of the complex of fusion proteins e13a2 and e14a2 and HLA alleles in CML patients could indicate the additive effect of both molecular structures joint carrier for CML developing risk.

Relevant logic and relation algebras

In 2007, Maddux observed that certain classes of representable relationalgebras (RRAs) form sound semantics for some relevant logics. In particular,(a) RRAs of transitive relations are sound for R, and (b) RRAs of transitive,dense relations are sound for RM. He asked whether they were complete aswell. Later that year I proved a modest positive result in a similar direction,namely that weakly associative relation algebras, a class (much) larger thanRRA, is sound and complete for positive relevant logic B. In 2008, Mikulas proved anegative result: that RRAs of transitive relations are not complete for R.His proof is indirect: he shows that the quasivariety of appropriatereducts of transitive RRAs is not finitely based. Later Maddux re-establishedthe result in a more direct way. In 2010, Maddux proved a contrasting positive result: that transitive, dense RRAs are complete for RM. He found an embedding of Sugihara algebras into transitive, dense RRAs. I will show that if we give up the requirement of representability, the positive result holds for R as well. To be precise, the following theorem holds.Theorem. Every normal subdirectly irreducible De Morgan monoid in the languagewithout Ackermann constant can be embedded into a square-increasing relationalgebra. Therefore, the variety of such algebras is sound and complete for R.

EXPERIENCE OF NORTH AMERICAN FORENSIC EXPERTS ON RESEARCHES OF PERSONAGES AS OBJECTS OF THE COPYRIGHT

A personage as a part of literary, visual and audiovisual works is one of intellectual property objects, and thus is the subject to legal protection. The task of forensic expert is an empirical determination of the level of personage independence on the objective evaluation criteria. Therefore, the objective and task of the article is to provide a generalized outline of the main analytical practices and scientific-methodic concepts of North American forensic specialists which are used in the process of case materials evaluation concerning personages as objects of copyright. In the United States, the key legal provision governing the protection of the author rights (the copyright holder) on personage is that such personage is protected to the extent which is defined by the so-called "source identifier" certifying the presence of associative relation of a personage under research with concrete works or commercial objects. The contemporary research also takes into account the "secondary meaning" -factor in the process ofpersonages evaluation, which is based on their value in relation to the source of origin. Forensic experts of the United States also use two main research "tests" to determine whether a personage is a subject to legal protection. The first of them, the so-called "The Character Delineation Test" which is based on the assumption that personages underdeveloped in the artistic sense, give evidence to the lack of obvious signs of author’s creativity, hence they are deprived with attributes of creative character represented in the objective form. Another common analytical technique is so-called "The Story Being Told Test" which considers a personage as an integral part of an artistic structure of the analyzed work, without which the work, as a whole, can not exist in accordance with the rules of the traditional artistic logic.

AN ALGEBRAIC REPRESENTATION VIA DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS FOR PAIRWISE COMPARISONS OF AHP

We propose a simple algebraic representation for pairwise comparisons of AHP. The representation is an associative relation between the importances of elements and consists of basic arithmetic operations. First, we define a ratio, which is estimated by decision makers by comparing the importances of elements, as a partial differentiation of importances (Section 2). Then, we construct systems of differential equations. Algebraic representations of the importances are derived as formal solutions of the equations. We analyze pairwise comparisons and the construction of the importances from them with the representations (Section 3). The validity of using eigenvectors and C.I. in AHP is illustrated by deriving a particular solution of the equations.https://doi.org/10.13022/ijahp2017.v9.is1.278

Political Commitment and the Value of Partisanship

This article defends the value of partisanship for political commitment. It clarifies what political commitment is, how it resembles and differs from other forms of commitment, and under what conditions it can prosper. It argues that political commitment is sustained and enhanced when agents devoted to particular political projects form a lasting associative relation that coordinates future action both on behalf of their future selves and of similarly committed others. Partisanship contributes to the feasibility of such projects, and helps strengthen them from a motivational and epistemic perspective. Although partisanship is also often criticized for sacrificing individuals’ independence of thought and action, if we value political commitment, this is a necessary trade-off.