Culture's consequences on experiencing international tourism services and products: quantitative and qualitative fuzzy-set testing of an integrative theory of national culture applied to the consumption of behaviours of Asian, European and North American consumers.

2009 ◽  
pp. 28-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Woodside ◽  
I Ahn
Keyword(s):  
National Culture ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
North American ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Integrative Theory ◽  
Tourism Services

Identification and Evaluation of those Components of Tourism Services which have a Bearing on Tourist Satisfaction and Which Can be Regulated, and State Measures to Ensure Quality of Tourism Services

1985 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Secretary General ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
Tourist Satisfaction ◽  
The Right ◽  
Tourism Services

This study was prepared pursuant to resolution 141 (V) adopted by the General Assembly at its fifth session (New Delhi, October 1983) concerning the Organization’s general programme of work for the period 1984-1985, prepared by the Secretary-General. It was entered as a special activity under the heading “Development of domestic and international tourism worldwide as a result of the right of all layers of the population to holidays and a better quality of life”. The aim of this study is to identify components of tourism services which have a bearing on tourist satisfaction and, in this regard, to propose measures which, through adequate regulation of these factors, could ensure the maintenance if not the improvement of the quality of tourist products.

Cross-cultural differences in the entrepreneurial activity of men and women: a fuzzy-set approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Fernandes Crespo
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Fuzzy Set ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Culture Dimensions ◽  
Level Of Economic Development

Purpose The aim of this paper is threefold: to identify the combinations of national culture dimensions that lead to high (or low) entrepreneurial activity (EA) for men and women, to understand the role of economic development as a relevant condition that combines with national culture dimensions to achieve high (or low) male or female EA and to identify the differences between the configurations that lead to those outcomes. Design/methodology/approach Using data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and from the Hofstede Centre for 77 countries, this study uses a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to explore complex causal relations between national culture dimensions, the level of economic development (conditions) and the male and female EA (outcomes). Findings This research provides three major insights. First, it is not possible to talk about a single culture that promotes entrepreneurship, but instead in several entrepreneurial cultures. This is particularly interesting when distinguishing between genders, because there are configurations that are specific to one of the genders. Second, different levels of economic development (high/low) combine with national culture dimensions to produce different configurations that can lead to high EA. Third, differences found between the solutions for both genders are higher in the case of the configurations that lead to high EA than in the ones that lead to low EA. Practical implications These results are very important to governments and policy makers with the objective of stimulating the EA within their specific countries. When designing public policies to promote entrepreneurship, they should take into consideration the specific cultural context of the country. The cultural context of each country presents multiple dimensions; therefore, the design of public policies should not rely on single, occasional and unarticulated policies. There are countries where the cultural context only promotes EA for males or females. In those cases, the public policies should differentiate between men and women, to be equally effective. Originality/value By using a configurational approach, this study identifies several configurations of national culture dimensions and the level of economic development that lead to the same outcomes: high (or low) EA. Some of the configurations are specific to achieving only male or female EA (high or low).

Market Power and the Taxation of Domestic and International Tourism

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Forsyth ◽  
Larry Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Market Power ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Rent Extraction ◽  
Individual Country ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World ◽  
To Come ◽  
Implicit Taxation ◽  
Tourism Services

Tourism services around the world are subject to general and specific taxes. There is evidence that tourism is relatively heavily taxed and that rates of taxation are increasing, although the implicit taxation of aviation is lessening. Leaving aside issues of international rent extraction, or the passing of taxes on to foreign visitors, there do not seem to be strong reasons for taxing tourism differently from other goods and services, although specific levies to correct for related unpriced services or externalities may be called for. There has been a growth in specific tourism taxes, many of which are earmarked for spending on tourism-related projects or promotion. While this may appear efficient, it can lead to the squandering of revenues through the funding of inefficient projects. This is especially the case when different jurisdictions fund promotion to attract the same group of tourists. International tourism poses specific problems that make it difficult to tax it on a comparable basis to other goods and services. However, the most serious problem arises from the market power that countries possess over their tourism services; countries can, and do, impose taxes on tourism services and pass them on to foreign tourists. The scope for doing this is substantial and it is individually rational for countries to tax tourism services. However, this constitutes a barrier to trade in tourism services, and what is rational for an individual country is inefficient for the world as a whole. Excessive taxation of international tourism will be the result, and this taxation will be very difficult to negotiate away. Since this market power is unevenly distributed across countries, and there is some gain from tourism taxation, even after the taxation of their own travellers is taken into account, it would not be feasible to obtain agreement to reduce or eliminate such taxation if negotiations are confined to tourism and aviation issues. Agreement is more likely if there are broader negotiations, but even these may well not be enough. In the absence of side payments to bribe countries not to use their market power, the globally efficient solution of low tourism taxes is unlikely to come about. Ultimately, tourism growth is likely to suffer relative to other sectors in the global economy.

scholarly journals Managing the Motivation of Customers of International Tourism Services

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manana Aladashvili
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Development ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
The People ◽  
Public Consciousness ◽  
Travel Industry ◽  
Tourism Services ◽  
Active Recreation

The desires and needs of tourists are often considered to be the motivation for travel. The International Tourism Survey showed that there are four main factors: culture, destinations, social contact and adventure, which influence the decision of tourists to travel in international tourism.The paper discusses the rational and emotional motives that influence tourists' travel choices and the selection of the tourism industry sector. Rational motives represent economic; Minimize risks, stability, life safety, health, property, financial resources; Comfort when arriving at the destination and compatibility of service quality with price.Emotional motives are no less important, include knowledge acquisition, success, respect and recognition, consideration of fashion trends, reputation and status.Based on the motivations of the consumers and the behavior of the people, a list of types of leisure has been formed, which is preferred by a large number of consumers: 1) rest, which has the character of restoration of rest; 2) active recreation (possibly with sports activities); 3) educational and cultural recreation; 4) Spectacular, entertaining, light rest; 5) Medical and recreational rest. We can say that the rapid development of the travel industry today is largely due to the transformation of public consciousness. Today, in the structure of modern human values, there is a quality rest that meets his individual needs. These requirements of the modern consumer of tourism services should be taken into account in the development of tourism-related infrastructure and the tourism industry in order to develop their tourist attractiveness in different regions of the world.

scholarly journals Use of marketing and effective management as of promotion of tourism product in international tourism market

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (43) ◽  
pp. 280-285
Author(s):  
S. Terebukh
Keyword(s):  
International Market ◽  
Marketing Management ◽  
International Tourism ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
Tourism Product ◽  
Market Factors ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Tourism Services

This article considers the main provisions effective use of marketing and management as a means of promoting tourism product in the international market, factors impact on the demand and supply of tourism services and key trends in changing requirements and expectations of tourists. Keywords: marketing, management, tourism product, the international market of tourist services.

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