scholarly journals Studies on intestinal digestion in the sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C MacRae ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
The Mean

1. The use of chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as an indigestible marker for studies on intestinal digestion in sheep has been examined. The sheep used were equipped with a cannula into the rumen and a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum; some also had a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum. The marker was administered twice daily in the form of Cr2O3-impregnated paper, through the rumen cannula.2. Recovery of Cr2O3 in the faeces, based on 7-day collection periods, was satisfactory, the mean recovery for all seven experiments being 99.6 ± 0.7%. In seventeen 24 h collections of digesta entering the proximal duodenum, the mean recovery of the daily dose of marker was 83.7% (range 63.6-148.4%); in eleven such collections at the terminal ileum the mean recovery was 77.3% (54.0-90.0%).3. Detailed examination of the concentrations of Cr2O3 in dry matter was made with individual samples taken during single 24 h periods for five duodenal and three ileal collection periods. There were always marked variations in these concentrations. It is concluded that use of short collection periods to give mean values for the flow of digesta throughout the 24 h, at particular points along the tract, may lead to large errors.

scholarly journals Studies on intestinal digestion in the sheep

1970 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Pfeffer ◽  
A. Thompson ◽  
D. C. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Intestinal Digestion ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

1. In each of three experiments, two sheep were given diets consisting of hay, or two parts hay to one part barley or one part hay to two parts barley. Each sheep was equipped with a cannula into the rumen and re-entrant cannulas into the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum. The rations containing barley were supplemented to adjust the intake of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium to a level similar to that in the all-hay ration. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was given twice daily by rumen fistula.2. Amounts of crude ash and the five minerals entering and leaving the small intestine and excreted in the faeces were measured. The amounts passing through the re-entrant cannulas were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromic oxide. The values were used to calculate the direction and net movements of the elements through the walls of the three main parts of the alimentary tract.3. In all instances there was an extensive net secretion of Na and P between mouth and small intestine, net absorption of K and P from the small intestine and of Na from the large intestine.4. The net movements of Ca and Mg were small and rather variable. In five of the six observations there was a small net secretion of Ca and small net absorption of Mg during passage of the digesta through the reticulo-rurnen, omasurn and abomasurn. Net secretion of Ca and Mg apparently occurred in the small intestine and net absorption of Mg in the large intestine.5. The only between-diet differences were small differences in net movements of Na and K.

scholarly journals Studies on the flow of zinc, cobalt, copper and manganese along the digestive tract of sheep given fresh perennial ryegrass, or white or red clover

1975 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Grace
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Cobalt Copper

1. Sheep fitted with a rumen fistula and either a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum or a re-entrant cannula at the terminal ileum were given twice daily 480–520 g dry matter as fresh perennial ryegrass, or white or red clover. Flows of digesta were corrected to 100% recovery of chromic oxide.2. The quantities (g/24 h) of zinc and cobalt leaving the stomach were significantly greater than those in the food. No significant change was found in the quantities of copper and manganese. Significantly smaller quantities of Co (all three diets) and Zn (all diets except red clover) left the small intestine than those which entered this region. No significant differences in the quantities of Cu and Mn entering and leaving the small intestine were found. Significantly smaller quantities of Zn, Co, Cu and Mn were excreted in the faeces than entered the large intestine.3. From the flow results it was determined that there was a significant net secretion of Zn and Co in the stomach, and a significant net absorption of Zn (except with the red-clover diet) and Co from the small intestine, and of Zn, Co, Cu and Mn from the large intestine.

scholarly journals Influence of feeding regimen and protein supplementation on the sites of net absorption of magnesium in sheep

1972 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. D. Grace ◽  
J. C. Macrae
Keyword(s):  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Chromic Oxide ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Daily Paper ◽  
Daily Flows

1. Sheep prepared with a rumen cannula and with re-entrant cannulas at the proximal duodenum and terminal ileum were given diets of dried grass, and dried grass supplemented with formalin-treated or untreated casein. They were fed either continuously or once daily. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula.2. The observed daily flows of magnesium at the duodenum and ileum were highly correlated with the corresponding flows of Cr.3. There was a net absorption of Mg from the stomach as well as the intestinal region of all sheep.4. Protein supplementation had no effect on the extent or sites of Mg absorption, but altering the feeding regimen changed the proportions of the net absorption of Mg occurring in the stomach and intestinal regions.

Studies on cannulation method and alternative indigestible markers and the effects of food enzyme supplementation in barley-based diets on ileal and overall apparent digestibility in growing pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.-L. Yin ◽  
J. D. G. McEvoy ◽  
H. Schulze ◽  
K. J. McCracken
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Standard Errors ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Exogenous Enzymes ◽  
The Mean

AbstractTwo different cannulation procedures (simple ileal ‘T’ cannula v. The post valve ‘T’ caecal cannula (PVTC)) and two indigestible markers (TiO2 v. Cr2O3) were studied with six male littermate pigs fitted with PVTC or simple ileal ‘T’ cannulae. Six diets were used, of which two were based on wheat and wheat bran and the other four were based on two barleys of different bushel weight without and with exogenous enzymes (ß-glucanase/xylanase). Proportional TiO2 and Cr2O3 recoveries in faeces were less than 1·00, the mean values for the six diets being 0·858 for TiO2 and 0·811 for Cr2O3. With both markers, recovery in faeces was lowest for the most digestible wheat-based diet (A). The ileal apparent digestibility (IAD) coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), energy and amino acids measured with Cr2O3 were significantly (P < 0·001) lower than those measured with TiO2. There was no difference in overall apparent digestibility of DM, CP and energy measured with simple ileal ‘T’ cannula and PVTC techniques. However, IAD of DM, energy and CP measured with the PVTC method were significantly higher than those measured with the simple ileal ‘T’ cannula method. The data also showed that the standard errors with the simple ileal ‘T’ cannula method were greater than when using the PVTC method. Diet significantly affected ileal and overall digestibility of nutrients (P < 0·001) with values being highest for diet A and least for the wheat bran-based diet (B). Overall digestibility (OD) of DM and energy were higher for the higher bushel weight barley-based diet (C) than for the normal bushel weight barley-based diet (E). Enzyme inclusion improved OD for both barley diets and ileal digestibility of energy (0·060) and CP (0·057) for the normal bushel weight barley.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrates in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Four sheep were given four diets containing proportions of rolled barley and soya-bean meal varied to provide 10.3, 13.3, 16.1 and 19.9% crude protein in the dietary dry matter; the treatments were given according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The mean daily intake was 989 g dry matter. The apparent disappearance of protein, ash, ether extractives and carbohydrate before the abomasum, between the abomasum and terminal ileum and between the terminal ileum and rectum was measured.2. The amount of non-ammonia crude protein (Y1, g/d) disappearing from the small intestine increased with protein intake (X, g/d) according to the equation Y1 = 2.12X – 0.0057X2–83, reaching a maximum when there was about 19% crude protein in the dry matter of the diet.3. The treatments had no significant effects on the disappearance of starch, ether extractives or ash. About 93% of starch disappeared in the rumen and 6% in the small intestine. The total mean daily intake of ether extractives was 21 g; 9 g were added in the rumen, 24 g disappeared from the small intestine and 6 g were excreted in the faeces. The total mean daily intake of ash was 67 g; 26 g were added in the rumen, 37 g disappeared from the small intestine, 9 g from the large intestine and 47 g were excreted in the faeces.

NITRIFICATION UNDER AND AFTER ALFALFA, BROME, TIMOTHY, AND WESTERN RYE GRASS: I. NITROGEN ABSORPTION OF HAY CROPS AND SUCCEEDING WHEAT CROPS

1939 ◽  
Vol 17c (7) ◽  
pp. 212-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Newton ◽  
R. S. Young ◽  
J. G. Malloch
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grain Protein Content ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Nitrogen Absorption ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Wheat Roots ◽  
Soil Nitrification ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean

The mean annual nitrogen absorption (lb./acre) of hay crops (excluding roots and stubble) was: alfalfa, 94.9; timothy, 39.5; western rye, 62.9; brome, 61.1. For entire hay plants to plow depth, based on sods one and three years old, the corresponding figures were: 241.8, 152.2, 137.8, 154.2. For entire wheat plants following one-, three-, and five-year-old sods of these hay crops for six, four, and two successive years, respectively, the mean values were: 63.4, 58.6, 56.3, 51.9. These figures are taken to indicate roughly the relative rates of soil nitrification under and after the crops in question, except under alfalfa, a legume.The roots and stubble of the hay plants contained about 71% of the dry matter and 68% of the nitrogen of these plants, whereas the wheat roots and stubble contained only 19% of the dry matter and 9% of the nitrogen of these plants.Preceding crops and seasonal conditions, especially the latter, affected the protein content and hardness of the wheat grain. Protein content of grain was generally, though not invariably, in the same relative order as indicated rates of soil nitrification after the four hay crops. Protein content was related quantitatively to hardness of grain and to loaf volume of bread, but there was no evidence of qualitative differences in the protein following the various hay crops.

scholarly journals Studies on intestinal digestion in the sheep

1969 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Proximal Duodenum ◽  
Glucose Polymer ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Almost All

1. In seven experiments sheep were given diets ranging from all-hay to all-barley, and also a diet comprising one part hay to two parts flaked maize. Each sheep was equipped with a cannula into the rumen and a re-entrant cannula in the proximal duodenum; six of the ten also had a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide (Cr2O3) was given twice daily by rumen fistula.2. Amounts of α-linked glucose polymer entering and leaving the small intestine and excreted in the faeces were measured. Some values for a fraction designated non-glucose reducing polymer for cellulose and for gross energy were also obtained. The amounts passing the proximal duodenum and the terminal ileum were adjusted to give 100% recovery of Cr2O3 and the values were used to measure the extent of digestion in various parts of the alimentary tract.3. When rolled or whole barley was given alone or was the major feed constituent the amount of α-linked glucose polymer entering the small intestine was 6.0±0.76% of that ingested (range 2.6–8.1%). The value was significantly lower than that found for the diet of hay and flaked maize (10.4±1.3%, range 8.0–13.6 %).The α-linked glucose polymer which entered the small intestine was almost completely digested there.4. The digestibility of the non-glucose reducing polymer, which included much of the hemicelluloses present, ranged from 51 to 73% and almost all the digestible fraction (93–97%) was digested before the small intestine when hay or predominantly hay diets were given. On high-cereal diets only 71–85% of the digested fraction disappeared before the small intestine and appreciable amounts were digested in the large intestine.5. On the all-hay diet 91% of the digestible cellulose and 67% of the digestible energy were lost before the small intestine, 0 and 21% in the small intestine and 9 and 12% in the large intestine.6. Mean digestibility coefficients determined in sheep fed solely on either whole or rolled barley were: for dry matter 88.1 and 87.9%, for nitrogen 83.5 and 82.1%, for crude fibre 53.7 and 56.6% and for gross energy 87.7 and 88.0%.

scholarly journals Discreditation of the pyroxenoid mineral name ‘marshallsussmanite’ with a reinstatement of the name schizolite, NaCaMnSi3O8(OH)

2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (03) ◽  
pp. 473-478
Author(s):  
Joel D. Grice ◽  
Aaron J. Lussier ◽  
Henrik Friis ◽  
Ralph Rowe ◽  
Glenn G. Poirier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Alkaline Complex ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
International Mineralogical Association ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Physical And Chemical

AbstractSchizolite, originating from the type locality, Tutop Agtakôrfia, in the Ilímaussaq alkaline complex, Julianehåb district, South Greenland, was described initially by Winther (1901) with additional data being supplied by Bøggild (1903). Recently, a proposal for the new mineral ‘marshallsussmanite’ was submitted to, and approved by, the International Mineralogical Association Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (IMA2013-067) by Origlieri et al. (2013). Results from the detailed examination of two schizolite cotype samples presented here, using single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, and optical properties, confirms it to be equivalent to ‘marshallsussmanite’. Historical precedence sets a priority for discrediting the name ‘marshallsussmanite’ in favour of the original, more-than-a century-old name, schizolite. The two schizolite samples investigated vary slightly in physical and chemical properties but are consistent overall. The prismatic crystals are pale red or pink to brownish. Schizolite is brittle with a splintery aspect. It is biaxial (+), with average optical parameters: α = 1.626 ± 0.003, β = 1.630 ± 0.002, γ = 1.661 ± 0.002, 2Vmeas = 71(4)° and 2Vcalc = 40°; there is no pleochroism. Electron microprobe analysis shows both samples have nearly identical compositions (differences &lt;0.4 wt.% oxide), with the mean values of: SiO2 52.6(4); Al2O3 0.005(1); FeO 2.54(2); MnO 13.86(9); CaO 17.9(4); Na2O 8.9(1); and H2O 2.59(2) wt.% oxide; this corresponds to a mean formula of: Na1.00(2)Ca1.11(7)Mn0.68(1)Fe0.12(0)Si3.041(1)O8(OH). Final least-squares structure refinements for both samples converged at R1 values ≤2.0%; H atoms were located in all refinements.

The evaluation of cattle foods and diets in terms of the ruminal concentration of volatile fatty acids I. The effects of level of intake, frequency of feeding, the ratio of hay to concentrates in the diet, and of supplementary feeds

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. H. Bath ◽  
J. A. F. Rook
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Molar Percentage ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Feeding Regimen ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Range Of Values

1. A study was made of the effects of feeding regimen and the composition of the diet on the ruminal production of V.f.a.'S in cattle.2. The day-to-day variations in the pattern of rumen fermentation in cows given a diet of hay and concentrates indicated that within-cow differences in the molar proportions of the acids from diet to diet are of significance if they exceed about 3% (of the mean value) for acetic acid, about 10% for propionic and butyric acids, and about 25% for valeric acid. The results emphasized also the important differences to be found between cows given the same diet.3. A change in the frequency of feeding from once to four times daily at a constant daily drymatter intake had little effect on the daily mean values for pH, concentration of total V.f.a.'S, or the molar percentages of the individual acids, but almost invariably decreased the range of values observed between feeding.4. With diets of hay and of hay and concentrates an increase in daily dry-matter intake was associated with a fall in pH and an increase in the concentration of total V.f.a.'S; with the diet of hay and concentrates there was a considerable decrease in the molar percentage of acetic acid and a corresponding increase in N-butyric, but there was little change in the molar percentages of the acids with the diet of hay.

The effect of urea on the absorption of volatile fatty acids from the rumen of sheep fed on oat straw

1968 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 803 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Faichney
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Weight Loss ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Crude Fibre ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Oat Straw ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Food Residues ◽  
Matter Energy

The effect of a urea supplement on the utilization of a diet of poor quality oat straw plus minerals, fed to sheep, was investigated. The supplement of urea was responsible for a highly significant (P < 0.01) increase in dry matter and energy intake and a highly significant ( P < 0.01) decrease in body weight loss. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in nitrogen balance and in the rate of passage of food residues through the alimentary tract. A tendency for the digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude fibre, and cellulose to be higher when the urea supplement was given was not significant. There was a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the VFA absorbed from the rumen reflecting the increase in intake, but there were no differences between diets in the contributions of acetic, propionic, and butyric acids to VFA absorption. The mean values obtained for the proportion of the digested energy accounted for by the VFA on the straw plus urea diet and the straw diet (with the standard error of the mean) were 31.4 (± 2.5)% and 38.1 (± 5.6)% respectively.

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