scholarly journals Digestion of concentrates in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Four sheep were given four diets containing proportions of rolled barley and soya-bean meal varied to provide 10.3, 13.3, 16.1 and 19.9% crude protein in the dietary dry matter; the treatments were given according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The mean daily intake was 989 g dry matter. The apparent disappearance of protein, ash, ether extractives and carbohydrate before the abomasum, between the abomasum and terminal ileum and between the terminal ileum and rectum was measured.2. The amount of non-ammonia crude protein (Y1, g/d) disappearing from the small intestine increased with protein intake (X, g/d) according to the equation Y1 = 2.12X – 0.0057X2–83, reaching a maximum when there was about 19% crude protein in the dry matter of the diet.3. The treatments had no significant effects on the disappearance of starch, ether extractives or ash. About 93% of starch disappeared in the rumen and 6% in the small intestine. The total mean daily intake of ether extractives was 21 g; 9 g were added in the rumen, 24 g disappeared from the small intestine and 6 g were excreted in the faeces. The total mean daily intake of ash was 67 g; 26 g were added in the rumen, 37 g disappeared from the small intestine, 9 g from the large intestine and 47 g were excreted in the faeces.

The digestion by cattle of barley and silage diets containing increasing quantities of soya-bean meal

1986 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
P. Alvareza ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Meal Intake ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Microbial N

SummaryA 4 x 4 latin-square design experiment was carried out to determine the effects of increasing nitrogen (N) intake by feeding diets containing increasing amounts of soyabean meal upon the digestion of organic matter (OM) and N by cattle equipped with rumen and duodenal cannulae. A basal diet (B) containing 600 g ground barley and 400 g grass silage/kg diet and three diets (BS1, BS2 and BS3) in which increasing amounts of the barley were replaced by soya-bean meal were fed. The mean daily intakes of OM and N when each diet was fed were 4·56, 4·55, 4·30 and 4·52 kg OM and 920, 114·7, 138·3 and 164·1 g N for diets B, BSl, BS2 and BS3 respectively.Neither the amounts of OM entering the small intestine nor those voided in the faeces were altered by the diets fed. Thus the mean apparent OM digestibility for all the diets fed was 0·74 + 0·013 and the proportion of digestible OM intake apparently digested in the rumen was 0·77 + 0048.Mean daily concentrations of ammonia N in the rumen were significantly (P < 0·001) increased from 38 mg N/l (diet B) to 129 mg N/l (diet BS3) as N intake increased.The quantities of non-ammonia N and of amino acid N entering the small intestine were not significantly (P >0·05) increased as more soya-bean meal was added to the diet, although diet BSl supported the greatest flows of N to the small intestine. Thus as more soya-bean meal was added to the diet there were increasing net losses of nonammoniaN(P < 0·01) and amino acid N (P < 0·01) prior to the small intestine. Faecal N excretion was not increased (P > 0·05) as soya-bean meal intake increased and thus apparent N digestibility was significantly (P < 0·01) increased by increasing soyabean intake.Both the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine daily and the apparent efficiency of microbial N synthesis within the rumen were increased when diet BSl was fed in comparison with the basal diet (B) and then declined when diets BS2 and BS3 were fed; these increases were not significant. The quantities of feed N entering the small intestine daily were not significantly (P > 0·05) increased as soya-bean meal intake increased; thus apparent feed N degradability in the rumen was significantly (P < 0·01) increased as soya-bean meal intake increased. In contrast, the rates of disappearance of N from each of the components of the diets fed, when incubated in the rumens of the cattle in porous synthetic fibre-bags, were not increased (P > 0·05) as soya-bean meal intake increased.

scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. A. Greife ◽  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Rumen Bacteria ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. In a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment four cows were given, twice daily, diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 (H) times maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehyde (HCH0)-treated (T).2. The passage of digesta to the duodenum was estimated using chromic oxide as a flow marker;35S was used to estimate the amount of microbial protein entering the small intestine. A microbial fraction was prepared by differential centrifugation from duodenal digesta. Samples of bacteria and of protozoa from rumen digesta were also prepared.3. The total amino acid contents of feedingstuffs, duodenal digesta, duodenal microbial material, rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were determined by ion-exchange chromatography. The D-alanine and D-glutamic acid contents of the samples were determined by gas–liquid chromatography.4. The quantity of each amino acid entering the small intestine was significantly (P < 0,001) increased by increasing DM intake and tended to be increased by formaldehyde-treatment of the soya-bean meal. There were net losses of all amino acids across the forestomachs except for lysine, methione, o-alanine and D-glutamic acid for which there were net gains.5. There were significant (P < 0.05) differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and duodenal microbial material; differences in amino acid composition between rumen bacteria and rumen protozoa were also observed.6. D-Alanine and D-glutamic acid were present in the silage but not in the barley or either of the soya-bean meals. All samples of microbes and digesta contained D-alanine and D-glutamic acid.7. The use of D-ahine and D-glUtamiC acid as markers for microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine was assessed. Estimates of the quantities of microbial N entering the small intestine based on the D-alanine or D-glutamic acid contents of rumen bacteria or duodenal microbes were significantly higher than those determined using 35S as a marker.

scholarly journals Phosphorus studies in pigs

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 289-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. P. Ketaren ◽  
E. S. Batterham ◽  
E. Belinda Dettmann ◽  
D. J. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Bending Moment ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Slope Ratio ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Two experiments were conducted (1) to determine the effects of phytase (EC 3.1.3.26) on the digestibility and availability of P in soya-bean meal for growing pigs and (2) to compare growth v. digestibility variables for assessing the availability of P. In the first experiment the effect of phytase on P availability was assessed in a growth assay using a slope–ratio design of treatments. Two different levels of either monosodium phosphate (MSP) or soya-bean meal were added to a basal sugar–soya-bean-meal diet (2·5 g P/kg) to give two levels of P (g/kg): 3·25 and 4·0 for each source. An additional five diets were supplemented with phytase. The ten diets were offered ad lib. for 35 d to female pigs initially weighing 20 kg live weight. In addition, the relative effectiveness of different variables for assessing P availability were compared: bone bending moment, ash in various bones, and ash and P in the empty body. The addition of phytase increased growth rate (g/d) (741 v. 835; P < 0·05), lowered the food conversion ratio (2·37 v. 2·16; P < 0·01), and increased protein deposition (g/d) (108 v. 123; P < 0·05), protein retention (kg/kg) (0·33 v. 0·36; P < 0·05), energy retention (MJ gross energy/MJ digestible energy) (0·36 v. 0·38; P < 0·05) and the availability of P in soya-bean meal from 0·11 to 0·69 when bone bending moment was the criterion of availability. All other criteria for assessing availability were unsuitable. In the second experiment the availability of (P) in soya-bean meal was assessed in a digestibility experiment with grower pigs using diets 1–5 as for Expt 1 arranged in a slope–ratio design of treatments. In addition, the effects of phytase supplementation on the apparent digestibility of P, dry matter, crude protein (N × 6·25) and energy were determined. The diets were offered at three times maintenance energy requirements to male pigs initially weighing approximately 30 kg live weight and total collection of faeces was conducted over a 10 d period. The availability of P in the soya-bean meal was 0·66 using digestible P intake as the criterion of response. The apparent digestibility of P in soya-bean meal was 0·42. Phytase supplementation increased the apparent digestibility of soya-bean meal P to 0·69 (P < 0·01) but had no effect on the faecal digestibility of dry matter or crude protein. Overall these experiments indicate that (1) estimates of P digestibility and availability were unlikely to be interchangeable and (2) phytase was effective in releasing much of the bound P in soya-bean meal.

scholarly journals The digestion by cattle of silage-containing diets fed at two dry matter intakes

1985 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 691-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Rooke ◽  
H. A. Greife ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Total N ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Microbial N

1. In a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment four cattle were given in two meals per d diets consisting of (g/kg dry matter (DM)) 500 barley, 400 grass silage and 100 soya-bean meal. The diets were given at either 1.15 (L) or 2.3 times (H) maintenance energy requirements and the soya-bean meal was either untreated (U) or formaldehydetreated (T).2. A 24 h collection of duodenal digesta and a 7 d collection of faeces were made using chromium sesquioxide for flow estimation and 35S as a marker of microbial nitrogen entering the small intestine. Samples of rumen fluid were also taken for estimation of lumen pH, ammonia and volatile fatty acid concentrations.3. Spot samples of duodenal digesta were obtained after administration of Cr2O3,-mordanted silage-fibre and soya-bean meal, to determine the rates of outflow of these markers from the rumen. Similar samples were also obtained after cessation of a continuous intraruminal infusion of ruthenium phenanthroline, 35S and CoEDTA.4. Incubations of each feedingstuff in porous synthetic fibre (psf) bags were carried out in the rumen and the rates of N disappearance from the bags determined.5. Increasing DM intake significantly ( P < 0.001) increased the quantities of organic matter (OM), total N and amino acid-N entering the small intestine and amounts subsequently voided in the faeces. Apparent digestibilities of OM and N were unaffected by DM intake; the proportions of total digestible OM digested in the rumen were significantly lower (P < 0.01) at the higher level of DM intake.6. Formaldehyde treatment of the soya-bean meal increased the quantities of N entering the small intestine; these increases were not significant.7. Increased DM intake increased the quantities of both microbial N (P < 0.001) and undegraded feed N (P < 0.01) entering the small intestine; HCHO-treatment also significantly (P < 0.05) increased the quantities of undegraded feed N entering the small intestine. The efficiency of microbial N synthesis within the lumen was not significantly affected by dietary treatments whereas apparent feed N degradability was reduced significantly ( P < 0.05) both by increasing DM intake and by HCHO-treatment of the soya-bean meal.8. Rates of disappearance of N from psf bags in the rumen were different for different feedingstuffs. However, for a given feedingstuff, the rate of N disappearance was not affected by the diets fed.9. The rates of decline in marker concentrations measured in duodenal digesta were significantly increased as DM intake increased with the exception of Cr2O2-soya-bean meal. The markers could be ranked (P < 0.05) in the following order of increasing outflow rate: ruthenium phenanthroline, 35S-labelled amino acids and Cr2O2-silage fibre < Cr2O3-soya-bean meal < CoEDTA.10. Estimates of the degradabilities of feedingstuffs were calculated from N disappearance rates from psf bags and either experimentally determined outflow rates or those proposed by the Agricultural Research Council (1984). Such estimates for the degradability of the whole diet were then compared with those determined in vivo using 35S as a marker.

Milk production from silage 1. The influence of an additive containing formaldehyde and formic acid on the response of lactating heifers and cows to supplementary protein

1981 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 285-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Thomas ◽  
K. Aston ◽  
J. C. Tayler ◽  
S. R. Daley ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Digestible Energy ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Milk Output ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Matter Energy

ABSTRACT1. The primary growth and first regrowth of perennial ryegrass were preserved either without additive (NA), or with a mixture consisting of equal volumes of formic acid and formalin at 10·0 and 13·01/t fresh crop for primary growth and regrowth herbage respectively (35 g formaldehyde per kg crude protein) (FF). The silages were given ad libitum to 40 lactating British Friesian heifers and cows, with a supplement of either pelleted ground maize (104 g crude protein per kg dry matter) (LP) or pelleted ground maize and soya bean meal (254 g crude protein per kg dry matter) (HP), at 6·1 and 7·1 kg per head per day for heifers and cows respectively. The primary growth silage was given from weeks 4 to 14 and the regrowth from weeks 15 to 22 of lactation. The silages were supplemented with urea so that the dietary supply of rumen degradable protein exceeded 7·8g/MJ metabolizable energy.2. Silage FF had lower concentrations of both fermentation acids and ammonia-nitrogen than silage NA. The digestibility of the dry matter, energy and crude protein of the diet containing silage FF was significantly less than that of diets containing silage NA when cows were given primary growth material (P < 0·001). But silage treatment had no significant effect on the digestibility of cellulose. When cows were given regrowth silage, silage treatment had no significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter, energy and cellulose, but formic acid/formaldehyde reduced the digestibility of crude protein (P < 0·01). The inclusion of soya bean meal in the supplement significantly increased the digestibility of crude protein, dry matter and energy, but when cows were given the primary growth silage the effect on the digestibility of dry matter and energy was only apparent with silage NA.3. Cows and heifers given silage FF from primary growth consumed 160g/kg more dry matter than those given silage NA (P < 0·01). This effect was not apparent when the animals were given regrowth silage. The effect of formic acid/formaldehyde on the intake of digestible energy was not significant in either period on the trial, but the inclusion of soya bean meal in the pellet significantly increased the intake of digestible energy (P < 0·01).4. Cows and heifers given silage FF from primary growth produced 90g/kg more milk and 50g/kg more solids-corrected milk than those given silage NA, but the differences were not significant and these trends were not apparent when regrowth silage was given. An increase in the crude protein content of supplement increased the milk (P < 0·01) and protein yield (P < 0·05) of cows, but not heifers, when they were given primary growth silage. The effect was less when milk output was expressed in terms of solids-corrected milk since milk fat content tended to fall when cows were given the HP supplement. Treatments had no significant effect on live-weight change.5. It is suggested that the increases in milk output were mediated via changes in the supply of energy rather than of protein.

Effect of supplementary crude protein level and degradability in grass silage-based diets on performance of dairy cows, and digestibility and abomasal nitrogen flow in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. F. Cody ◽  
J. J. Murphy ◽  
D. J. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Daily Intakes

ABSTRACTFour concentrate supplements differing in crude protein (CP) and undegradable protein (UDP) content were offered to 16 lactating Friesian cows together with grass silage (dry matter (DM) 196 g/kg, pH 4·38, CP 160 g/kg DM, in vitro DM digestibility 0·68)ad libitumin a Latin-square trial with 3-week periods. The supplement treatments were: (1) barley 122 g CP per kg DM, degradability (dg) 0·77; (2) barley/soya-bean meal 210 g CP per kg DM, dg 0·69; (3) barley/soya-bean meal/fish meal 190 g CP per kg DM, dg 0·61; (4) barley/soya-bean meal/fish meal 219 g CP per kg DM, dg 0·59. Supplements were given at 8 kg/day. Total daily intakes of silage (kg DM), CP and UDP (g) on treatments 1 to 4 were 7·77, 2087, 375; 8·35, 2804, 655; 8·29, 2676, 717; 8·70, 2917, 826, respectively. Milk yield (kg/day) and yields of fat, protein and lactose (g/day) on the four treatments were 21·3, 791, 617, 984; 23·0, 816, 688, 1055; 23·0, 818, 696, 1050; 23·6, 813, 735, 1071 for treatments 1 to 4 respectively. Yield and concentration of protein and lactose were significantly lower on treatment 1 than on the other treatments, while the of blood metabolites indicated treatment effects on blood glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, plasma protein and urea. Digestibility of organic matter and non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) flow to the abomasum (g/day), measured in sheep given a fixed silage/supplement ratio at maintenance, were 0·81 and 18·4, 0·81 and 20·8, 0·82 and 21·4, 0·82 and 22·4 for treatments 1 to 4 respectively. The NAN flow was significantly greater on treatment 4 than on treatment 1.

The crude protein requirement of the early-weaned calf given urea, meat meal or soya bean meal with and without sulphur supplementation

1973 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Leibholz ◽  
H. S. Kang
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Protein Requirement ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SUMMARYTwo experiments were conducted with 84 male British Friesian calves to estimate their nitrogen and sulphur requirements between 5 and 11 weeks of age. A basal 12 % crude protein (CP) diet was supplemented with meat meal, soya bean meal or urea to 15 or 18 % CP, and with sulphur to reduce the nitrogen to sulphur ratios of the diets to about 10 to 1.The weight gains and feed conversion ratios of the calves given the 12% CP diets were significantly poorer than those of the calves fed on the diets containing 15 or 18% CP, irrespective of the CP supplement used. The supplementation of the urea-containing diets with sulphur caused a significant increase in feed intake and weight gain.The digestibility of nitrogen and dry matter increased with increasing CP content of the diets and was greater for the diets supplemented with urea than for those supplemented with meat meal or soya bean meal. Sulphur additions also increased the nitrogen digestibility. The retention of nitrogen, when corrected for feed intake, was greater in the calves fed on the diets containing 18% CP than in those fed on the 15% and 12% CP diets.The supplementation of the diets with sulphur increased the digestibility of sulphur, its excretion in urine and its retention. The concentration of urea in the blood plasma increased with increasing dietary CP content, and was higher in calves given urea.

scholarly journals Nutritive value of wet distillers' solubles for pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
Jarmo Valaja ◽  
Matti Näsi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Level ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Cyclic Change ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

Digestibility and nitrogen (N) metabolism were studied to evaluate the nutritive value of wet barley distillers’ solubles (DSB) from an integrated starch-ethanol process for pigs. Eight castrated male pigs (live weight 72-103 kg) were used in a 8 x 3 cyclic change-over design, where the diets were arranged factorially 2x2. The corresponding factors were the protein source (DSB or soya bean meal (SBM)) and the protein level (131 or 162 g crude protein (CP)/kg dry matter (DM)). Faeces and urine were collected in total. The four diets comprised barley, barley starch, minerals and vitamins with either DSB or SBM as the main source of protein. The digestibility of CP(p

The effect of source and level of dietary protein on the performance of in-lamb ewes

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Forbes ◽  
J. J. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Specific Effect ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

The aim of the investigation was to evaluate the specific effect, if any, of grass protein on the birth weight of lambs born to ewes wintered indoors. Grass meal was used as a substitute for fresh grass, and soya bean meal—representing a more conventional source of protein for winter diets—was compared with it. Both sources of protein were included at two levels, providing a high (90 g or 0·2 lb/day) and a low (45 g or 0·1 lb/day) intake of digestible crude protein.The digestibility of dry matter was significantly higher for the diets containing soya bean meal (67·7%) than for those containing grass meal (58·2%). Dry-matter digestibility was not affected by level of protein intake. The digestibility of crude protein was significantly affected by protein source and level of intake.Lamb birth weights were not significantly affected by source or level of dietary protein. There was a tendency for birth weights to be higher on the diet containing grass meal at low protein intakes. Ewe weight gains during the last eight weeks of gestation were significantly affected by level of dietary protein, and net body weight change was significantly affected by both source and level of protein. Gestation treatments had no effect on the performance of ewes or lambs during the first three weeks of lactation.The retention of nitrogen during the 18th–20th weeks of gestation was affected by both source and level of dietary protein. Mean nitrogen retention was higher with diets containing soya bean meal (5·8 g per day) than with diets containing grass meal (3·6 g per day). There was no correlation between nitrogen retention and lamb birth weight.

Evaluation of the nutritive value of single-cell protein (Pruteen) for lactating dairy cows

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Teller ◽  
J.-M. Godeau
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

SummaryTwo experiments were conducted with four lactating cows in a latin-square design. The rations were composed mainly of maize silage plus concentrates, supplemented with urea, Pruteen, or soya-bean meal supplying 25% of total dietary N. Nitrogen and energy balances were measured, and milk production recorded.Dry-matter digestibility, intake of metabolizable energy (ME) and ME concentration in dietary dry matter were not significantly altered when Pruteen was substituted for soya-bean meal. However, mean nitrogen digestibility for all the treatments was significantly lower than expected from published relationships.The substitution of Pruteen for soya-bean meal did not significantly affect the nitrogen balance of the animals or milk production, but the latter tended to be higher than that recorded with urea.The responses to the different N supplements are discussed in relation to the feeding systems of the Agricultural Research Council and the French Protéines Digestibles dans l'lntestin Grêle, and are compared with predictions made from statistical relationships developed in our laboratory.

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