scholarly journals Digestion of protein in small and large intestine of the pig

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. G. Holmes ◽  
H. S. Bayley ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D. Horney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Protein Free Diet

1. Six 45 kg pigs with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used in two 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments to study the site of absorption of protein and amino acids. Semi-purified diets containing soya-bean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or no protein source (protein-free) were offered at the rate of 1 kg dry matter/d.2. Flow-rates of ileal contents for 24 h collection periods, corrected for recovery of marker, were 3135, 3127 and 1243 ml (SE 390) for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively.3. Amounts of dry matter digested in the small intestine were 730, 669 and 809 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001).4. Nitrogen intakes were 32·6, 29·9 and 5·9 g/d, and amounts digested in the small intestine were 25·7, 20·2 and 1·6 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001). Amounts digested in the large intestine were 2·6, 3·7 and 0·7 g/d.5. Total amino acid intakes and amounts collected at the ileum and in the faeces were (g/d): SBM, 177, 24 and 18; RSM, 149, 28 and 22; protein-free 3, 9 and 12. Digestibility in the small intestine was higher for SBM than RSM for seventeen of the eighteen amino acids estimated. Greater quantities of arginine, methionine, cystine and tyrosine were voided in the faeces than passed through the ileal cannulas for pigs receiving the SBM and RSM diets. For those receiving the protein-free diet this was true for each amino acid except proline.6. Significant differences were found between all diets in the concentration of some amino acids in ileal and faecal amino-N, and endogenous protein secretions did not mask the differences between diets.7. Differences in digestibility between SBM and RSM were greater at the ileum than in the faeces. Amino acid fermentation in the large intestine obscured or reduced differences between SBM and RSM.

EFFECTS OF TREATING RAPESEED MEAL AND CASEIN WITH FORMALDEHYDE ON APPARENT DIGESTIBILITY AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF RUMEN DIGESTA AND BACTERIA

1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. SHARMA ◽  
J. R. INGALLS
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Casein Diet ◽  
Total N ◽  
Casein Protein

Four rumen-fistulated young Holstein steers (189 kg average weight) were used in a latin square design. The steers were fed four semipurified pelleted diets, containing either 19% rapeseed meal (RSM) or 7.5% casein protein untreated or formaldehyde (FA)-treated (0.7 g FA/100 g protein), at frequent intervals. FA treatment of RSM or casein tended to reduce the ammonia production in the rumen of steers receiving the experimental diets and showed little effect on apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) or nitrogen (N) retention. FA treatment of casein but not of RSM increased (P < 0.05) the flow of total N, non-ammonia N (NAN) and digesta from the rumen. The bacterial N in the rumen digesta varied from 40–61% of the dietary N for the steers fed the experimental diets. FA treatment significantly increased total amino acid concentrations (P < 0.01) in the rumen digesta of steers fed the FA-casein diet and resulted in a nonsignificant (P > 0.05) increase for FA-RSM steers compared with those given untreated diets. Treatment of casein with FA reduced the catabolism of essential amino acids which resulted in larger quantities of these amino acids being transported out of the rumen as compared to the untreated casein diet. However, FA treatment of RSM protein did not promote a significant increase in the quantities of amino acids leaving the rumen of steers receiving the FA-RSM diet compared with those on the RSM diet.

scholarly journals The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and apparent absorption of amino acids in sheep given spring- and autumn-harvested dried grass

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
P. J. S. Dewey ◽  
A. C Brewer ◽  
D. S. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Energy Equilibrium

1. Three experiments were conducted with sheep given spring-harvested dried grass (SHG) and autumn-harvested dried grass (AHG). The first was a calorimetric trial to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) content of each grass and the efficiency with which sheep utilize their extra ME intakes above the maintenance level of intake. The second examined the relative amounts of extra non-ammonia-nitrogen (NAN) and individual amino acids absorbed from the small intestine per unit extra ME intake as the level of feeding was raised from energy equilibrium (M) to approximately 1.5 M. The third was a further calorimetric trial to investigate the effect of an abomasal infusion of 30 g casein/d on the efficiency of utilization of AHG.2. The ME content of the SHG (11.8 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) was higher than that of AHG (10.0 MJ/kg DM). The efficiency of utilization of ME for productive purposes (is. above the M level of intake; kf,) was higher when given SHG (kf 0.54 between M and 2 M) than when given AHG (kf 0.43 between M and 2 M).3. As the level of intake of each grass was raised from M to 1.5 M there was a greater increment in the amounts of NAN (P < 0.001) and the total amino acid (P < 0.05) absorbed from the small intestines when sheep were given the SHG (NAN absorption, SHG 5.4 g/d, AHG 1.5 g/d, SED 0.54; total amino acid absorption SHG 31.5 g/d, AHG 14.3 g/d, SED 5.24).4. Infusion of 30 g casein/d per abomasum of sheep given AHG at M and 1.5 M levels of intake increased (P < 0.05) the efficiency of utilization of the herbage from kf 0.45 to kf 0.57. Consideration is given to the possibility that the higher efficiency of utilization of ME in sheep given SHG may be related to the amounts of extra glucogenic amino acids absorbed from the small intestine which provide extra reducing equivalents (NADPH) and glycerol phosphate necessary for the conversion of acetate into fatty acids.

DIGESTION OF NUTRIENTS IN THE SMALL INTESTINE OF PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING RAW AND AUTOCLAVED FABA BEANS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 451-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. IVAN ◽  
J. P. BOWLAND
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Intestinal Uptake ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Faba Beans

Four castrated pigs, each fitted with a re-entrant cannula in the terminal ileum, were used to study digestion in the small intestine. A nitrogen-free diet was used for the estimation of metabolic nitrogen and amino acids. Faba beans, as the sole source of dietary protein, were used raw or after autoclaving for 30 or 60 min. The four diets were fed to the pigs in a 4 × 4 latin square experiment. The pigs were fed each diet for 6 days prior to a 24-hr collection of total ileal contents. Autoclaving of faba beans had no significant effect on digestibility of dry matter, gross energy, nitrogen and individual amino acids except arginine, which was significantly increased. The intestinal uptake of arginine was the highest and of cystine the lowest in all faba bean diets. It was concluded that autoclaving faba beans had no beneficial effect on the digestion of nutrients in the small intestine of the pig.

scholarly journals Comparison of the isotope dilution method for determination of the ileal endogenous amino acid losses with labelled diet and labelled pigs

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Hess ◽  
Philippe Ganier ◽  
Jean-Noel Thibault ◽  
Bernard Sève
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Isotope Dilution Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
First Case ◽  
Endogenous Protein ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Protein Free Diet

The aims of the present study were first to compare the amino acid dilution method performed using labelled animals with that using labelled diets, and second to determine real digestibilities and total ileal endogenous losses of N and amino acids. Two diets containing pea cultivars (Solara and Amino) and a protein-free diet were compared in a 3 × 3 Latin-square experiment. The three pigs were each prepared with an ileo-rectal anastomosis and were continuously infused with [1-13C]leucine. For each cultivar,15N-labelled and unlabelled diets were formulated. The real digestibility and endogenous losses of leucine were higher when obtained by labelling the pig than by labelling the foodstuff. This was due either to the inadequate estimation of the endogenous protein enrichment in the first case or to the importance of dietary N recycling in the second case. However, in both cases the ileal endogenous losses of N and amino acids were higher than the basal losses determined with the protein-free diet. There were significant differences between the two pea cultivars in terms of phenylalanine and leucine when measured with labelled diets. It is suggested that, although ileal endogenous losses may be underestimated, using labelled feedstuffs is of great interest due to the direct estimation of the individual amounts of amino acids.

Studies on pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas. 2. Disappearance of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids from diets containing different protein sources

1980 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 627 ◽  
Author(s):  
AR Alimon ◽  
DJ Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Peanut Meal ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Meat Meal

Quantitative estimates of disappearances of dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids anterior to the mid-point and terminal ileumof the small intestine were made in pigs prepared with re-entrant cannulas and offered six diets containing wheat alone or supplemented with either meat meal, fish meal, peanut meal, soybean meal or sunflower meal. Apparent digestibilities of dietary dry matter and nitrogen were also estimated by faecal measurements. Disappearance of dry matter and nitrogen was greater anterior to the mid-point than at the end of the small intestine and the rectum. Amounts disappearing at each location and between the three locations differed significantly between protein sources. Up to 10% of dietary dry matter and nitrogen disappeared in the large intestine. For lysine, methionine, threonine and valine, absorption was greater anterior than posterior to the midpoint of the small intestine for all diets except that containing only wheat. Measurements made of the disappearance of amino acids anterior to the large intestine indicated that the apparent availability of the majority of ammo acids of peanut meal, followed by soybean meal, was greater than those of meat meal (52 % crude protein) and fish meal (50 % crude protein).

Effect of type of diet (casein-based or protein-free) and caecotrophy on ileal endogenous nitrogen and amino acid flow in rabbits

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. García ◽  
J. C. de Bias ◽  
R. Carabaño
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content ◽  
Present Trial ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Ingredient Composition ◽  
Intake Ratio

AbstractTwenty-eight New Zealand White X Californian doe rabbits weighing 3791±141 g were surgically fitted with a glass T-cannula at ileum level. Animals were given ad libitum access to either a casein-based diet (C) or a protein-free diet (PF). The only difference in the ingredient composition of the diets was the substitution of 160g/kg of maize starch by casein in the C diet. Animals were randomly allotted to each experimental diet. Seven rabbits per diet were not allowed to practice caecotrophy. The C diet resulted in higher food dry matter (DM) intake (DMI) (111-5 v. 51-5 g/day), food nitrogen intake (3-12 v. 0-20 g/day), ileal flow of DM (56-0 v. 23-8 g/day) and ileal flow of nitrogen (0-72 v. 0-24 g/day) but lower soft faeces DMI (21-7 v. 41-4 g/day) than the PF diet. A linear relationship between ileal endogenous nitrogen flow and total DMI was found for animals given the C but not for the PF diet. The ingestion ofC diet led to a higher (proportionately 0-41, on average), endogenous ileal amino acid flow than PF diet for all amino acids except for glycine. The ileal flow of glycine was proportionately 0-25 higher in animals given the PF diet than in animals given the C diet. The C diet resulted in higher content of nitrogen, threonine and proline in soft faeces than the PF diet. In contrast, the ingestion of the PF diet led to a higher content of lysine and methionine in soft faeces than the C diet. Within the C diet, animals practising caecotrophy showed higher ileal flow of DM (73-4 v. 56-0 g/day) and phenylalanine (0-834 v. 0-677 g/kg DMI) than animals not practising it. Caecotrophy led to a higher endogenous proportion of some of the most important limiting essential amino acids in rabbits, such as arginine, lysine, phenylalanine and threonine. In rabbits, the use of PF diets has limited practical application in the estimation of nitrogen endogenous losses as the low food DMI and the high soft faecesDMI leads to abnormal food: soft faeces intake ratio. Moreover, due to the important effect of caecotrophy on the amino acid composition of endogenous losses, it is important to correct the total amino acid content of the ileal chyme by the undigested amino acid residue coming from the soft faeces intake. This correction could be made, without the methodological complexity implied, by fitting animals with a wooden collar and thereby avoiding caecotrophy as in the present trial.

scholarly journals Digestion, absorption and utilization of single-cell protein by the preruminant calf

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Sedgman ◽  
J. H. B. Roy ◽  
Joanne Thomas ◽  
I. J. F. Stobo ◽  
P. Ganderton
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Apparent Digestibility ◽  
Bacterial Protein ◽  
True Digestibility

1.Two experiments of Latin square design were made, each with four Friesian bull calves fitted with re-entrant duodenal and ileal cannulas at 4–10 d of age. The calves were used to studythe effect of giving milk-substitutes containing 0, 300, 500 and 700 g bacterial protein (Pruteen)/kg total protein on apparent digestibility of nitrogen fractions and amino acids and true digestibility of 3H-labelled milk protein and 35S-labelled bacterial protein in the small intestine. A third experiment of Latin square design with four intact Friesian calves was used to measure apparent digestibility of nutrients throughout the alimentary tract and retention of N, calcium and phosphorus.2.At the duodenum, volume of outflow, its pH, and outflow of total-N (TN), protein-N (PN) and non-protein-N (NPN) decreased with time after feeding. At the ileum, volume of outflow and TN outflow were unaffected by time after feeding but PN outflow decreased; NPN outflow at the ileum increased to a maximum 6 h after feeding and then declined.3.Increased inclusion of Pruteen did not affect the volume of outflow at the duodenum or ileum, but duodenal PN outflow increased. At the ileum, pH values were lower and TN, PN and NPN outflows were higher with increasing concentration of Pruteen in the diet. Apparent digestibility in the small intestine tended to decrease with greater amounts of Pruteen, but was only significant for NPN. Apparent digestibility from mouth to ileum significantly decreased for TN and PN as Pruteen inclusion increased.4.Amino acid concentration in duodenal outflow, with the exception of that of arginine, reflected intake. The total amount of each amino acid in ileal outflow increased and the apparent digestibility of most amino acids decreased with greater amounts of Pruteen in the diet. Apparent digestibility of nucleic acid-N from Pruteen was very high.5.True digestibility in the small intestine and between mouth and ileum of 3H-labelled milk protein was high and did not differ between dietary treatments. True digestibility of 36S-labelled Pruteen was low for the milk-protein diet and tended to increase linearly as more dietary Pruteen was included.6.Dry matter concentration in faeces and a high apparent digestibility throughout the whole alimentary tract of carbohydrates did not differ between treatments. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and fat, apparent absorption of Ca, P and ash throughout the tract, retention of N, Ca and P and biological value of the protein decreased with inclusion rates greater than 300 g Pruteen/kg total dietary protein. The amount of N apparently absorbed in the large intestine was estimated as 0.9 g/d.7.Comparison of intake of apparently absorbed essential amino acids with requirement suggests that histidine is likely to be the limiting amino acid, assuming that arginine is synthesized in the body.8.Efficiencies of utilization of protein for tissue synthesis and to cover obligatory loss are estimated as 0.80, 0.75, 0.66 and 0.47 for diets containing 0, 300, 500 and 700 g Pruteen/kg total protein in the diet. Efficiencies of utilization of individual essential amino acids were also estimated.

The digestion of barley-based diets by cattle: the effect of feeding of three diets containing different amounts of formaldehyde-treated soybean meal

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 809
Author(s):  
JA Lindsay ◽  
HL Davies ◽  
J Leibholz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Ad Libitum Feeding ◽  
Microbial N

Six growing cattle, with intestinal fistulae, were fed on barley-based diets to which were added increments of formaldehyde-treated soybean meal; the latter was substituted for whole-grain barley. The digestion of organic matter (OM), �-linked glucose polymer (starch), nitrogen (N) and rumen volatile fatty acids (VFA) were measured at a restricted level of intake. The cattle were offered air-dried feed at 3.4 kg per head daily, or approximately ad libitum (i.e. 4.2 kg air-dried feed per head per day). The three diets contained 19.7, 27.8 or 42.9 g nitrogen (N) per kg and were fed in a Latin-square design. When the feed was offered ad libitum there was a significant increase in OM digestibility, from 78% on the lowest N diet to 84% on the highest N diet. Relatively large quantities of starch (140-477 g/day) entered and were apparently digested in the small intestine, especially on the 19.7 g N/kg dry matter (the highest starch diet) on ad libitum feeding. The molar proportions of VFA in rumen liquor largely reflected the amount of starch which was fermented in the rumen. The digestion of nitrogen was characterized by a net gain in flow to the duodenum compared with intake. There was a significant increase in the amount of N apparently digested in the small intestines on the 42.9 g N/kg dry matter diet. The proportion of microbial N at the duodenum declined as more formaldehyde-treated soybean meal was added to the diet. Compared with that of the lowest N diet, the amount of amino acids entering and being apparently digested in the small intestines doubled in the highest N diet, and the concentrations of plasma-free amino acids reflected this. The feed intake comparison indicated that differences in interpretations of digestion studies were likely if animals were fed solely at restricted intakes. The main discrepancies were in OM digestibility, starch digestion in the small intestine, the proportion of microbial N flow at the duodenum and in the estimation of amino acid absorption and requirement.

scholarly journals Oxidation of essential amino acids by the ovine gastrointestinal tract

2003 ◽  
Vol 89 (5) ◽  
pp. 617-629 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald E. Lobley ◽  
Xiangzhen Shen ◽  
Guowei Le ◽  
David M. Bremner ◽  
Eric Milne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Ruminant Animal

It is not known if the ruminant animal gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can oxidise essential amino acids (AA) other than leucine. Therefore, the oxidation of four essential AA (leucine, lysine, methionine and phenylalanine), supplied systemically as labelled 1-13C forms, was monitored across the mesenteric-drained viscera (MDV; small intestine) and portal-drained viscera (PDV; total GIT), as part of a 4×4 Latin square design, in four wether sheep (35–45 kg) fed at 1·4 × maintenance. Oxidation was assessed primarily by appearance of13CO2,corrected for sequestration of [13C]bicarbonate. The GIT contributed 25 % (P<0·001) and 10 % (P<0·05) towards whole-body AA oxidation for leucine and methionine respectively. This reduced net appearance across the PDV by 23 and 11 % respectively. The contribution of MDV metabolism to total PDV oxidation was 40 % for leucine and 60 % for methionine. There was no catabolism of systemic lysine or phenylalanine across the GIT. Production and exchange of secondary metabolites (e.g. 4-methyl-2-oxo-pentanoate, homocysteine, 2-aminoadipate) across the GIT was also limited. Less AA appeared across the PDV than MDV (P<0·001), indicative of use by tissues such as the forestomach, large intestine, spleen and pancreas. The PDV: MDV net appearance ratios varied (P<0·001) between AA, e.g. phenylalanine (0·81), lysine (0·71), methionine (0·67), leucine (0·56), histidine (0·71), threonine (0·63) and tryptophan (0·48). These differences probably reflect incomplete re-absorption of endogenous secretions and, together with the varied oxidative losses measured, will alter the pattern of AA net supply to the rest of the animal.

Endogenous ileal nitrogen and amino acid flows in the growing pig receiving a protein-free diet and diets containing enzymically hydrolysed casein or graded levels of meat and bone meal

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Donkoh ◽  
P. J. Moughan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Regression Method ◽  
Meat And Bone Meal ◽  
Bone Meal ◽  
Dietary Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pig ◽  
Protein Free Diet ◽  
Hydrolysed Casein

AbstractEndogenous ileal amino acid flows were determined in pigs fitted with simple T-cannulas using either the regression method (meat and bone meal (MBM) as the protein source at five levels of inclusion) or following protein-free alimentation. Amino acid flows were compared with those determined by feeding animals a diet the sole nitrogen source of which was enzyme-hydrolysed casein (EHC), followed by centrifugation and ultrafiltration of the ileal digesta. The EHC was a mixture of free amino acids and oligopeptides (molecular weight 5000 Da). For the EHC treatment, the ileal digesta precipitate plus retentate was used to determine the endogenous flows. The ultrafiltration step excludes unabsorbed dietary amino acids from the measure of endogenous loss. Chromium III oxide was the reference marker in all diets. Estimates of endogenous nitrogen and amino acid flows determined under protein-free alimentation and the comparable flows determined using the regression method were similar. However, endogenous flows of amino acids for the EHC-fed pigs were generally significantly higher (F < 0·01) than values found for pigs on the protein-free diet and were higher than values obtained after extrapolation for pigs given the MBM-based diets. Mean endogenous ileal nitrogen flow for the EHC-fed animals was 2526 (s.e. 33.9) compared with 1711 (s.e. 25.5) mg/kg dry-matter intake for pigs receiving the protein-free diet.

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