scholarly journals The efficiency of utilization of metabolizable energy and apparent absorption of amino acids in sheep given spring- and autumn-harvested dried grass

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Macrae ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
P. J. S. Dewey ◽  
A. C Brewer ◽  
D. S. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Glycerol Phosphate ◽  
Abomasal Infusion ◽  
Energy Equilibrium

1. Three experiments were conducted with sheep given spring-harvested dried grass (SHG) and autumn-harvested dried grass (AHG). The first was a calorimetric trial to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) content of each grass and the efficiency with which sheep utilize their extra ME intakes above the maintenance level of intake. The second examined the relative amounts of extra non-ammonia-nitrogen (NAN) and individual amino acids absorbed from the small intestine per unit extra ME intake as the level of feeding was raised from energy equilibrium (M) to approximately 1.5 M. The third was a further calorimetric trial to investigate the effect of an abomasal infusion of 30 g casein/d on the efficiency of utilization of AHG.2. The ME content of the SHG (11.8 MJ/kg dry matter (DM)) was higher than that of AHG (10.0 MJ/kg DM). The efficiency of utilization of ME for productive purposes (is. above the M level of intake; kf,) was higher when given SHG (kf 0.54 between M and 2 M) than when given AHG (kf 0.43 between M and 2 M).3. As the level of intake of each grass was raised from M to 1.5 M there was a greater increment in the amounts of NAN (P < 0.001) and the total amino acid (P < 0.05) absorbed from the small intestines when sheep were given the SHG (NAN absorption, SHG 5.4 g/d, AHG 1.5 g/d, SED 0.54; total amino acid absorption SHG 31.5 g/d, AHG 14.3 g/d, SED 5.24).4. Infusion of 30 g casein/d per abomasum of sheep given AHG at M and 1.5 M levels of intake increased (P < 0.05) the efficiency of utilization of the herbage from kf 0.45 to kf 0.57. Consideration is given to the possibility that the higher efficiency of utilization of ME in sheep given SHG may be related to the amounts of extra glucogenic amino acids absorbed from the small intestine which provide extra reducing equivalents (NADPH) and glycerol phosphate necessary for the conversion of acetate into fatty acids.

scholarly journals Digestion of protein in small and large intestine of the pig

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. G. Holmes ◽  
H. S. Bayley ◽  
P. A. Leadbeater ◽  
F. D. Horney
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Protein Free Diet

1. Six 45 kg pigs with re-entrant ileal cannulas were used in two 3 × 3 Latin-square design experiments to study the site of absorption of protein and amino acids. Semi-purified diets containing soya-bean meal (SBM), rapeseed meal (RSM) or no protein source (protein-free) were offered at the rate of 1 kg dry matter/d.2. Flow-rates of ileal contents for 24 h collection periods, corrected for recovery of marker, were 3135, 3127 and 1243 ml (SE 390) for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively.3. Amounts of dry matter digested in the small intestine were 730, 669 and 809 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001).4. Nitrogen intakes were 32·6, 29·9 and 5·9 g/d, and amounts digested in the small intestine were 25·7, 20·2 and 1·6 g/d for SBM, RSM and protein-free diets respectively, all values being significantly different (P < 0·001). Amounts digested in the large intestine were 2·6, 3·7 and 0·7 g/d.5. Total amino acid intakes and amounts collected at the ileum and in the faeces were (g/d): SBM, 177, 24 and 18; RSM, 149, 28 and 22; protein-free 3, 9 and 12. Digestibility in the small intestine was higher for SBM than RSM for seventeen of the eighteen amino acids estimated. Greater quantities of arginine, methionine, cystine and tyrosine were voided in the faeces than passed through the ileal cannulas for pigs receiving the SBM and RSM diets. For those receiving the protein-free diet this was true for each amino acid except proline.6. Significant differences were found between all diets in the concentration of some amino acids in ileal and faecal amino-N, and endogenous protein secretions did not mask the differences between diets.7. Differences in digestibility between SBM and RSM were greater at the ileum than in the faeces. Amino acid fermentation in the large intestine obscured or reduced differences between SBM and RSM.

scholarly journals Nutrient supply and growth of cattle offered straw-based diets

1989 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Ortigues ◽  
T. Smith ◽  
J. D. Oldham ◽  
A. B. McAllan ◽  
J. W. Siviter
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy Intake

An experiment was conducted using steers cannulated at the rumen, duodenum and ileum to study the effects of increasing the levels of barley and fishmeal in straw-based diets. Diets A, B, C and D contained ammonia-treated straw, barley and fishmeal in the ratios, 67:33:0, 66:23:11, 53:47:0 and 52:36:12 (by weight) and were offered in daily amounts of 3·9, 3·9, 4·8 and 4·8 kg dry matter. The effects of barley were attributable to increased intakes of digestible organic matter and consequently to increased flows of microbial matter to the duodenum. There were no modifications in the balance of energy to nitrogen-yielding nutrients available for absorption. Introducing fishmeal into diets improved digestibility of cellulose and xylose by up to 6.7 and 4.7 % respectively, and shifted digestion towards the large intestine. Second, it increased amino acid N supply to the small intestine which averaged 52·2, 63·2, 68·8 and 84·0 g/d with diets A, B, C and D. Some changes were also noted in the balance of amino acids absorbed. Consequently, the contribution of amino acids to metabolizable energy intake increased with the proportion of fishmeal in diets (0·17, 0·20, 0·18 and 0·21 for diets A, B, C and D).Growth rates measured in heifers amounted to 259, 431, 522 and 615 g/d for diets A, B, C and D. They appeared to be related to intestinal amino acid supply.

Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep: II. The sites of digestion of some nitrogenous constituents

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. MacRae ◽  
M. J. Ulyatt
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
The Other ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Available Information

SummarySheep prepared either with a rumen cannula, or with a rumen cannula plus re-entrant cannulae in the duodenum and ileum were fed fresh ‘Ruanui’ perennial ryegrass (R), ‘Manawa’ short rotation ryegrass (M) and white clover (C) at dry-matter intakes ranging from 450 to 1000 g/24 h. Paper impregnated with chromic oxide was given once daily via the rumen fistula as a marker.Amounts of non-ammonia-nitrogen (NAN) entering and leaving the small intestine and nitrogen (N) excreted in the faeces were regressed against the intake of N for each sheep and these equations (all significant P < 0·05) were used to calculate the extent of digestion in the stomach, the small intestine and the large intestine at two levels of OM intake (500 and 800 g daily). Amino acid analyses of feed and digesta samples are also presented together with calculations of the apparent absorptions of individual amino acids from the small intestine.At an intake of 500 g OM amounts of NAN entering the small intestine were significantly greater (P < 0·05) in sheep given M than in sheep given R or C. At an intake of 800 g OM amounts in sheep given M were significantly greater (P < 0·01) than in sheep given R. NAN leaving the small intestine and N excreted in the faeces were similar for all three diets.At an intake of 800 g OM apparent absorptions of NAN from the small intestine of sheep given M (0·47 × N intake + 2·8 g/24 h) and sheep given C (0·51 × N intake – 1·3 g/24 h) were significantly greater (P < 0·01 and P < 0·05 respectively) than of sheep given R (0·41 × N intake – 0·5 g/24 h). As intake of herbage was increased the partition of digestion altered.Only small differences between herbages were found in the amino acid composition (g amino acid/100 g protein) of either duodenal or ileal digesta, but because of the large differences in the flows of NAN, the apparent absorptions of individual amino acids from the small intestine were much higher in sheep given M than in sheep given the other two species.The results are discussed in the light of available information on sites of digestion of herbage diets in sheep.

scholarly journals The effect of protein- and non-protein-nitrogen supplements to maize silage on total amino acid supply in young cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-541 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. R. Cottrill ◽  
D. E. Beever ◽  
A. R. Austin ◽  
D. F. Osbourn
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Protein Nitrogen ◽  
Microbial N

1. A total of six diets based on maize silage were formulated to examine the effect of protein- and non-protein-nitrogen, and energy supplementation on the flow of amino acids to the small intestine and the synthesis of microbial amino acids in the rumen of growing cattle. All diets contained 24 g totai nitrogen (N)/kg dry matter (DM), of which 550 g N/kg total N was supplied by either urea or fish meal. Four diets contained low levels of barley (estimated total dietary metabolizable energy content of 10·4 M J/kgDM) and urea-N and fish meal-N were supplied in the ratios 3:1, 1·4:1, 0·6:1 and 0·3:1. The other two diets contained between 300 and 400 g barley/kg total diet (11·3 MJ metabolizable energy/kg DM) and the urea-N to fish meal-N ratios were 3:1 and 0·3:1.2. On the four low-energy diets, fish meal inclusion tended to reduce the extent of organic matter (OM) digestion in the rumen but significantly increased duodenal amino acid supply (P< 0·05) in a quadratic manner. Microbial-N synthesis was increased by the two intermediate levels of fish meal supplementation but declined at the highest level of inclusion. With increasing levels of fish meal inclusion, a greater proportion of the dietary protein was found to escape rumen degradation and the apparent degradabilities of fish meal and maize-silage protein of all four diets were estimated to be 0·22 and 0·73 respectively.3. The substitution of barley for part of the maize silage enhanced duodenal supply of amino acids, irrespective of the form of the N supplement, and stimulated microbial amino acid synthesis. For all diets efficiency of microbial-N synthesis was found to vary between 22·5 and 46 g N/kg rumen-digested OM. Contrary to what was found for low-energy diets, the inclusion of fish meal tended to reduce the flow of dietary protein to the small intestine, but these differences were not statistically significant.4. The results appertaining to microbial synthesis, dietary protein degradabilities and duodenal amino acid flow for all diets are discussed in relation to the Agricultural Research Council (1980) proposals for the protein requirements of ruminants, and the production responses observed when similar diets were fed to growing cattle.

scholarly journals Macronutrient composition, true metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility, and indispensable amino acid scoring of pulse ingredients for use in canine and feline diets

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren M Reilly ◽  
Patrick C von Schaumburg ◽  
Jolene M Hoke ◽  
Gary M Davenport ◽  
Pamela L Utterback ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Macronutrient Composition ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Protein Sources ◽  
Indispensable Amino Acid ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid

Abstract The rising consumer demand for alternative and sustainable protein sources drives the popularity of the use of plant-based proteins in the pet food industry. Pulse crops, which include beans, peas, lentils, and chickpeas, have become an important addition to both human and animal diets due to their protein content and functional properties. However, knowledge of their nutrient composition and protein quality is necessary for the proper formulation of these ingredients in pet foods. The objective of this study was to determine the macronutrient composition and standardized amino acid digestibility and to describe the protein quality through the use of digestible indispensable amino acid scores (DIAAS-like) of five pulse ingredients. Black bean (BB) grits, garbanzo beans (GB), green lentils (GL), navy bean (NB) powder, and yellow peas (YP) were analyzed for dry matter (DM), ash and organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), gross energy (GE), acid hydrolyzed fat (AHF), and total dietary fiber (TDF) to determine the macronutrient composition. Precision-fed rooster assays were conducted using cecectomized roosters to calculate standardized amino acid digestibility and true metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (TMEn). The essential amino acids, with the exception of methionine, were highly digestible with digestibility values of 80% to 90% (dry matter basis) for all selected pulse ingredients. BB grits had the lowest (P &lt; 0.05) digestibility of arginine (86.5%) and histidine (80.6%) in contrast to GB (94.9% and 89.9%, respectively). The TMEn of GB was highest (P &lt; 0.05) at 3.56 kcal/g compared with the other pulses. The DIAAS-like values for adult dogs were consistently the lowest for methionine for all pulses, making it the first-limiting amino acid in these ingredients. The DIAAS-like values for adult cats showed GL had lowest (P &lt; 0.05) score in tryptophan compared with other pulses when using both AAFCO values and NRC recommended allowances as reference proteins. Methionine was the first-limiting amino acid for YP and tryptophan for GL. Based on macronutrient composition, protein quality, and amino acid digestibility, it can be concluded that pulse ingredients have the required nutritional characteristics to be viable protein sources in canine and feline foods. However, the use of complementary protein sources is recommended to counterbalance any potential limiting amino acids in pulse ingredients.

scholarly journals Effect of type of forage offered and breed on performance of crossbred suckler heifers and their calves

1998 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 367-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merja Manninen ◽  
Ilmo Aaronen ◽  
Marja-Leena Puntila ◽  
Reijo Heikkilä ◽  
Seija Jaakkola
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Winter Diet

Thirty Hereford-Ayrshire (HfAy) and 29 Limousine-Ayrshire (LiAy) spring-calving heifers in calf to a Aberdeen Angus (Ab) bull were used to study the effects of cow breed and winter diet on performance. The diets were either primarily based on hay (H, 2/3 of dry matter (DM) intake, silage 1/3) or silage (S, 2/3 of DM intake, hay 1/3). In addition, animals were offered 1.0 kg milled barley per head daily for two months prior to calving and 1.5 kg/day from calving until grazing commenced. Animals also had free access to barley straw. During the indoor feeding period from 15 December to 1 June HfAy-heifers consumed slightly but not significantly more feed DM, metabolizable energy and AAT (amino acids absorbed from the small intestine) than LiAy-heifers on both diets. At the start of the experiment LiAy- and HfAy-heifers were 572 and 596 (P

3.1 The Nitrogen Supplied by and the Supplementation of Fresh or Grazed Forage

1982 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 53-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Flow Measurements ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Protein Supply

Forage contributes between 70 and 80% of the metabolizable energy (ME) and in excess of 70% of the protein consumed by ruminant livestock in the U.K. (Baker and Wilkins, 1975). The contribution from forage to the energy and protein consumed is highest for sheep and lowest for dairy cattle. For all classes of stock in the U.K., a major proportion of the nitrogen (N) or crude protein (CP) consumed is obtained from fresh or grazed forage.Research with fresh forage, both nutritional and production work, has been faced with the difficulty of measuring or estimating food intake by the animal while grazing. The measurement of protein supply from fresh or grazed forage is further made difficult as flow measurements throughout the alimentary tract are required. For forage, as with other foods given to ruminants, estimates of the supply of N or protein available to the animal are obtained from measurements of flow from the stomach or into the proximal duodenum and at the terminal ileum. The difference between these two flow rates, the disappearance of N, NAN (non-ammonia N) or AAN (amino acid N), is taken as the apparent absorption or supply of protein from the food. Values may be obtained for individual amino acids or for total amino acid N (TAAN).

scholarly journals Prediction of digestible amino acid and true metabolizable energy contents of sorghum grain from total essential amino acids

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (5) ◽  
pp. 693-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SEDGHI ◽  
M. R. EBADI ◽  
A. GOLIAN ◽  
H. AHMADI
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Ann Model ◽  
Ann Models ◽  
Poultry Diets ◽  
Sorghum Grain

SUMMARYAccurate information on metabolizable energy and true digestible amino acid (TDAA) content of sorghum grain is important in order to formulate sorghum-based poultry diets accurately. Estimates of ingredient nutritional values using bioassay methods require live birds and special facilities, which are time-consuming and costly. Accordingly, prediction by mathematical models would be of some considerable benefit. Sixty-eight samples of sorghum grain, representing 32 different varieties, were used to test the correlation between TDAA and nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy (TMEn) with total essential amino acids. Two methods of multiple linear regressions (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) models were used to find the relationship between total amino acids (model inputs) with TDAA and TMEn contents (model outputs) in sorghum grain. The fitness of the models was tested usingR2, mean square (MS) error and bias. There is a strong relationship between total amino acid concentration with both TDAA and TMEn content in sorghum grain. The TDAA and TMEn values were more accurately estimated by ANN model compared to values obtained from the MLR model. TheR2values corresponding to testing and training of the ANN model showed a higher accuracy of prediction than the equation constructed by MLR method. Based on the experimental evidence, it is concluded that the TDAA and TMEn values in sorghum grain can be predicted from total essential amino acids using ANN models. Consequently, this method provides an opportunity to reduce the risk of formulating an unbalanced TDAA diet for poultry.

scholarly journals PSIII-19 Effects of extrusion on true metabolizable energy, standardized amino acid digestibility, and chick growth assay of red and white sorghum

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 274-275
Author(s):  
Patrick von Schaumburg
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Chick Growth ◽  
Direct Substitution ◽  
Gross Energy ◽  
Growth Assay

Abstract The aims of this experiment were to determine the energy value of raw grains [corn (CO), red sorghum (RS), white sorghum (WS)], in comparison to the energy values of the same grains post-extrusion. Cecectomized roosters were precision-fed up to 30g of either raw or extruded grains, then placed into individual cages with a collection tray underneath to catch excreta. After 48h, the excreta was collected and analyzed for N, gross energy, amino acids and dry matter. TMEn was highest (P &lt; 0.05) for extruded WS (3.99 kcal/g) and lowest for raw WS (3.79 kcal/g), whereas extruded CO (3.89 kcal/g), and extruded RS (3.89 kcal/g) did not differ from raw RS (3.83 kcal/g) and raw CO (3.82 kcal/g). This indicates that there was greater utilization of the extruded grains compared to the raw, especially for WS. Amino acids were measured in the grains and the excreta to determine the digestibility. In addition to the rooster assay, a chick growth assay was conducted using Ross 308 male broiler chicks. The study lasted 14d, with average initial chick BW being 149.1g ± 0.048. The experimental diets consisted of inclusion of raw and extruded grains, respectively, added at direct substitution of corn. The results of the chick trial appear to be controversial to the rooster assay. The extruded CO and extruded WS diets were similar (P &gt; 0.05) in weight gain compared to raw CO (660.84g, 665.70g, and 690.13g, respectively). Extruded WS had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) feed intake (973.3g), with raw RS having the lowest (847.44g). Raw CO had the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) G:F, with extruded WS being lowest (P &lt; 0.05); 754.63g and 683.75g, respectively. In conclusion, the chick growth assay showed superior weight gain in the extruded CO and WS diets, however, the extruded diets were least successful in G:F compared to the raw.

The flow of amino acids into the small intestine of cattle when fed heated and unheated beans (Vicia faba)

1979 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. P. McMeniman ◽  
D. G. Armstrong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total N ◽  
Amino Acid Nitrogen ◽  
Proximal Small Intestine

SUMMARYThe effect of substituting different amounts of heated and unheated beans for barley in diets to cows, on the flow of total nitrogen (N), total amino acid nitrogen (TAA-N) and individual amino acids into the proximal duodenum was studied. Neither heating of the beans nor increasing their proportion in the diet significantly increased the flow of total N at the duodenum; however, increasing the proportion of beans did increase the flow of TAA-N. The substitution of both forms of cracked beans for barley, and at both levels significantly increased the flows of leucine and aspartic acid; flows of histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine and serine were increased by substitution of both forms of beans but only at the higher level. In the bean supplemented diets significant proportions of all of the ingested amino acids except methionine were apparently destroyed in the forestomachs. The substitution of beans for barley resulted in a net increase of 0·2 g TAA-N flow into the proximal small intestine for each gram of additional dietary N.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document