Energy metabolism and body composition of young pigs given low-protein diets

Abstract Increased feed cost, post-weaning diarrhea, and nitrogen excretion are challenging the modern swine industry. Very low-protein (LP) diets (>4% units reduced protein) may reduce feed cost, diarrhea and nitrogen excretion; however, these diets impair growth performance of pigs despite supplementation of limiting amino acids (i.e., lysine, threonine, methionine and tryptophan). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of valine, isoleucine and combination of both supplemented to VLP diet on growth, thermal radiation, and gut development in young pigs. Forty three-week-old weaned barrows were weighed (6.75 ± 0.14 kg) and randomly assigned to five groups (8 pigs/group) including: 1) standard diet or positive control (PC), 2) LP diet, 3) LP + valine (LPV), 4) LP + isoleucine (LPI) and 5) LP + both valine and isoleucine (LPVI) for five weeks. Daily feed intake and weekly growth characteristics were measured and weekly thermal images were captured. All pigs were euthanized at week 5 and tissue samples collected. All data were analyzed with univariate GLM followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). Compared to PC, final body weight, average daily gain, average daily protein intake and gain:feed ratio were reduced in LP group, but feeding pigs with LPVI partially or completely recovered these parameters. Pigs fed with LPVI had higher thermal radiation than those fed with PC, LP, and LPI on days 28 and 35 of study and had a greater the area under the curve for thermal radiation than LP and LPI. Duodenal villus width and crypt depth, and ileal villus height were decreased in LP relative to PC, but LPVI either partially or fully recovered these measurements. In conclusion, supplementing a combination of valine and isoleucine recovered the negative effects of very low-protein diets on growth performance and gut development, but increased the thermal radiation in weaned pigs.

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The effect of different dietary protein levels in the rearing phase (from 60 kg) on body composition and reproductive performance of gilts

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1752756200593399 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 143-143

Author(s):

M C Cia ◽

S A Edwards ◽

V L Glasgow ◽

M Shanks ◽

H Fraser

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Large White ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Eye Muscle ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Fat Reserves ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Real Time Ultrasonography

Low protein diets have been proposed as a way to enhance fat reserves and reduce liveweight gain in breeding animals of very lean genotypes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different protein levels on daily gain, body composition and reproductive performance of gilts.At 118 (sem=0.28) days old, 54 genetically lean gilts ((Landrace x Large White) x Large White) were allocated, considering firstly age and secondly weight, between three treatments with different dietary lysine:energy (g/MJ DE) ratios: High (0.9), Medium (0.6) and Low (0.3), fed twice daily at 2.9 x maintenance energy. Animals were weighed weekly and backfat thickness (P2) and muscle depth values were also taken. Eye muscle area measurements were taken by real time ultrasonography (Aloka 500) at the end of the experiment At 160 days of age, puberty was induced by administration of exogenous gonadotropin (PG600).

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Chronic Effects of Maternal Low-Protein and Low-Quality Protein Diets on Body Composition, Glucose-Homeostasis and Metabolic Factors, Followed by Reversible Changes upon Rehabilitation in Adult Rat Offspring

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13114129 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. 4129

Author(s):

Pandarinath Savitikadi ◽

Raghu Pullakhandam ◽

Bharati Kulkarni ◽

Boiroju Naveen Kumar ◽

Geereddy Bhanuprakash Reddy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Glucose Homeostasis ◽

Wheat Gluten ◽

Metabolic Factors ◽

Adult Rat ◽

Rat Offspring ◽

Low Protein ◽

Plasma Hormones ◽

Isocaloric Diets ◽

Protein Diets

Several studies suggest that the maternal protein content and source can affect the offspring’s health. However, the chronic impact of maternal quality and quantity protein restriction, and reversible changes upon rehabilitation, if any, in the offspring, remains elusive. This study examined the effects of maternal low-quality protein (LQP) and low-protein (LP) intake from preconception to post-weaning, followed by rehabilitation from weaning, on body composition, glucose-homeostasis, and metabolic factors in rat offspring. Wistar rats were exposed to normal protein (NP; 20% casein), LQP (20% wheat gluten) or LP (8% casein) isocaloric diets for 7 weeks before pregnancy until lactation. After weaning, the offspring were exposed to five diets: NP, LQP, LQPR (LQP rehabilitated with NP), LP, and LPR (LP rehabilitated with NP) for 16 weeks. Body composition, glucose-homeostasis, lipids, and plasma hormones were investigated. The LQP and LP offspring had lower bodyweight, fat and lean mass, insulin and HOMA-IR than the NP. The LQP offspring had higher cholesterol, T3 and T4, and lower triacylglycerides and glucose, while these were unaltered in LP compared to NP. The majority of the above outcomes were reversed upon rehabilitation. These results suggest that the chronic exposure of rats to maternal LQP and LP diets induced differential adverse effects by influencing body composition and metabolism, which were reversed upon rehabilitation.

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The effect of different dietary protein levels in the rearing phase (from 60 kg) on body composition and reproductive performance of gilts

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s030822960003110x ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 1996 ◽

pp. 143-143

Author(s):

M C Cia ◽

S A Edwards ◽

V L Glasgow ◽

M Shanks ◽

H Fraser

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Reproductive Performance ◽

Large White ◽

Muscle Area ◽

Eye Muscle ◽

Protein Levels ◽

Fat Reserves ◽

Low Protein ◽

Protein Diets ◽

Real Time Ultrasonography

Low protein diets have been proposed as a way to enhance fat reserves and reduce liveweight gain in breeding animals of very lean genotypes. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of different protein levels on daily gain, body composition and reproductive performance of gilts.At 118 (sem=0.28) days old, 54 genetically lean gilts ((Landrace x Large White) x Large White) were allocated, considering firstly age and secondly weight, between three treatments with different dietary lysine:energy (g/MJ DE) ratios: High (0.9), Medium (0.6) and Low (0.3), fed twice daily at 2.9 x maintenance energy. Animals were weighed weekly and backfat thickness (P2) and muscle depth values were also taken. Eye muscle area measurements were taken by real time ultrasonography (Aloka 500) at the end of the experiment At 160 days of age, puberty was induced by administration of exogenous gonadotropin (PG600).

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INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN AND FAT CONTENT OF DIET ON THE BODY COMPOSITION OF PIGLETS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.25.2.242 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 25 (2) ◽

pp. 242-247

Author(s):

L. J. Filer ◽

L. S. Baur ◽

Helen Rezabek

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Dietary Protein ◽

The Body ◽

Low Fat ◽

Human Infants ◽

Low Fat Diet ◽

Low Protein ◽

Liver And Kidney ◽

Fat Diets ◽

Protein Diets

Varying the level of dietary protein from 11 to 39% of the calories in a high-fat diet is without effect on body composition of the 8-week-old pig. Varying the level of dietary protein from 17 to 62% of the calories in a low-fat diet is without effect on body composition of the 8-week-old pig. With low-fat diets, the carcasses contained a higher percentage of protein, calculated from micro-Kjeldahl determinations, on a fat-free, dry-tissue basis. Liver and kidney weights were greater as percentage of protein in the diet increased. With the exception of three animals on Diet 5, electrolyte content of the carcass did not vary significantly. Highest and lowest protein content of the liven occurred with low-protein diets containing low and high percentage of fat, respectively. Extrapolation of these data to the nutrition of human infants is discussed.

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