gut development
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2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-99
Author(s):  
Farhana Fitri Amalia ◽  
Agung Ikhssani

Breast milk is considered the best form of nutrition for neonates and infants. The properties of breast milk facilitate the transition of life from in utero to ex utero. Breast milk provides a variety of bioactive substances for the developing baby during the early period of brain, immune and gut development. Katuk leaves (Sauropus androgni) are found very abundantly in Indonesia. People use S. androgyny as a traditional herbal medicine and are believed to have it to increase breast milk production. There are many publications that show the effect of lactagogum (an agent to increase milk production) of this plant. In several studies conducted there is evidence that the role of phytosterols and papaverine are two components that can increase the hormones prolactin and oxytocin. Scientific sources were obtained from Google Scholar and Pubmed in the form of textbooks and scientific journals totaling 24 units. Giving the extract resulted in a smoother circulation of the oxytocin hormone. The purpose of this literature review is to discuss the effect of S. androgynus which is believed to have a beneficial effect on breast milk production in and can be an agent of breast milk production in future research subjects.


Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4200
Author(s):  
Valentina Fabiano ◽  
Flavia Indrio ◽  
Elvira Verduci ◽  
Valeria Calcaterra ◽  
Tudor Lucian Pop ◽  
...  

Intestinal colonization of the neonate is highly dependent on the term of pregnancy, the mode of delivery, the type of feeding [breast feeding or formula feeding]. Postnatal immune maturation is dependent on the intestinal microbiome implementation and composition and type of feeding is a key issue in the human gut development, the diversity of microbiome, and the intestinal function. It is well established that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or more has several benefits with respect to formula feeding. The composition of the new generation of infant formulas aims in mimicking HM by reproducing its beneficial effects on intestinal microbiome and on the gut associated immune system (GAIS). Several approaches have been developed currently for designing new infant formulas by the addition of bioactive ingredients such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), probiotics, prebiotics [fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) and galacto-oligosaccharides (GOSs)], or by obtaining the so-called post-biotics also known as milk fermentation products. The aim of this article is to guide the practitioner in the understanding of these different types of Microbiota Influencing Formulas by listing and summarizing the main concepts and characteristics of these different models of enriched IFs with bioactive ingredients.


Development ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 148 (21) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihua Ye ◽  
John F. Rawls

ABSTRACT The developmental programs that build and sustain animal forms also encode the capacity to sense and adapt to the microbial world within which they evolved. This is abundantly apparent in the development of the digestive tract, which typically harbors the densest microbial communities of the body. Here, we review studies in human, mouse, zebrafish and Drosophila that are revealing how the microbiota impacts the development of the gut and its communication with the nervous system, highlighting important implications for human and animal health.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 112-113
Author(s):  
Mohammad Habibi ◽  
Parniyan Goodarzi ◽  
Cedrick N N Shili ◽  
Julia Sutton ◽  
Caitlyn Wileman ◽  
...  

Abstract Increased feed cost, post-weaning diarrhea, and nitrogen excretion are challenging the modern swine industry. Very low-protein (LP) diets (>4% units reduced protein) may reduce feed cost, diarrhea and nitrogen excretion; however, these diets impair growth performance of pigs despite supplementation of limiting amino acids (i.e., lysine, threonine, methionine and tryptophan). The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of valine, isoleucine and combination of both supplemented to VLP diet on growth, thermal radiation, and gut development in young pigs. Forty three-week-old weaned barrows were weighed (6.75 ± 0.14 kg) and randomly assigned to five groups (8 pigs/group) including: 1) standard diet or positive control (PC), 2) LP diet, 3) LP + valine (LPV), 4) LP + isoleucine (LPI) and 5) LP + both valine and isoleucine (LPVI) for five weeks. Daily feed intake and weekly growth characteristics were measured and weekly thermal images were captured. All pigs were euthanized at week 5 and tissue samples collected. All data were analyzed with univariate GLM followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test (SPSS®). Compared to PC, final body weight, average daily gain, average daily protein intake and gain:feed ratio were reduced in LP group, but feeding pigs with LPVI partially or completely recovered these parameters. Pigs fed with LPVI had higher thermal radiation than those fed with PC, LP, and LPI on days 28 and 35 of study and had a greater the area under the curve for thermal radiation than LP and LPI. Duodenal villus width and crypt depth, and ileal villus height were decreased in LP relative to PC, but LPVI either partially or fully recovered these measurements. In conclusion, supplementing a combination of valine and isoleucine recovered the negative effects of very low-protein diets on growth performance and gut development, but increased the thermal radiation in weaned pigs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 67-68
Author(s):  
Nadia Everaert

Abstract In mammals, fetal development is programmed by the mother’s metabolism, body condition and health status, and thus by her diet. Besides this nutritional programming, the diet of sows has also an impact on her intestinal microbiota and on colostrum and milk production and composition, which may then modulate the microbiota of piglets. Indeed, colostrum and milk are composed of macronutrients, but contain as well immunoglobulins and immune cells, bioactive molecules such as hormones, growth factors, prebiotic and antimicrobial compounds. The latter two also play a role on the establishment of the gut microbiota. Moreover, the contact of the piglets with the faeces of the sows, at birth and during the lactation period, may all affect the composition of their microbiota. As a proof-of-concept concerning this microbiota modulation, it was shown that maternal antibiotic treatment from 10 days before the estimated farrowing date until 21 days after farrowing, transiently modified both mother fecal and offspring ileal microbiota during the first weeks of life, without effects on offspring’s microbiota on a long-term. There is evidence, although limited, that dietary fibers in the diet of the sows modulate the microbiota and gut homeostasis of the progeny. This has been shown by the use of seaweed extracts, short chain fructo-oligosaccharides, wheat bran, resistant starch, or the inclusion of guar gum and cellulose. For example, wheat bran in the diet of sows modulates the microbiota of the sows and piglets differently. Supplementation of the sow’s diet with probiotics (Bacillus subtilis) also revealed that the development of the intestinal microbiota of piglets is modulated, seen by a reduction in pathogenic communities (i.e. Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens) in colon and ileum respectively. In conclusion, to optimize piglet’s gut development through the colonization of the microbiota, the diet of the sow should be taken into account.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 33-34
Author(s):  
Lauralise Buss ◽  
Taylor Yohe ◽  
Lautaro Rostoll Cangiano ◽  
Aaron Keunen ◽  
Leluo Guan ◽  
...  

Abstract Neomycin is commonly used in calf milk replacers (MR) to prevent diarrhea, however, antimicrobial exposure in early life may have consequences to gut development. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of neomycin inclusion in MR on calf gut health and development. Thirty-six calves were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control (CON), non-medicated (MR, n = 12), short-term antimicrobial exposure (ST: 20 mg/kg BW neomycin mixed in MR from d 1–14, n = 12), or long-term antimicrobial exposure (LT: 20 mg/kg BW neomycin in MR from d 1–28, n = 12). Fecal samples were collected weekly to measure total bacteria, and gut permeability was measured in week 2 and 4 by comparing serum recovery of orally dosed lactulose and D-mannitol markers. Calves were dissected at week 5 to collect intestinal tissues, which were used to analyze histology, gene expression and total bacteria abundance. Digesta samples were collected to analyze for total bacteria abundance and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. No treatment effects were found in the amounts of total bacteria in fecal, digesta, or tissue samples. Marker recovery in serum was higher at week 2 compared to week 4 (P < 0.01), suggesting that calves in early life have higher gut permeability. Histomorphological measures were similar, except for villi length in the distal jejunum, which was longest in ST calves (P = 0.05). Tight-junction, mucus, and inflammatory-associated gene expression was similar overall, although the expression of Tight junction protein-1 in the distal jejunum was lowest in CON calves (P = 0.04). Distal jejunum acetic acid, propionic acid, and total VFA tended to be highest in LT calves (P = 0.09; P = 0.06; P = 0.07, respectively). Although this study found few consequences of neomycin to gut health, the lack of benefits supports the argument that antimicrobials should be used prudently.


2021 ◽  
Vol 224 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryon F. Tuthill II ◽  
Christopher J. Quaglia ◽  
Eileen O'Hara ◽  
Laura Palanker Musselman

ABSTRACT Diets high in carbohydrates are associated with type 2 diabetes and its co-morbidities, including hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hepatic steatosis and cardiovascular disease. We used a high-sugar diet to study the pathophysiology of diet-induced metabolic disease in Drosophila melanogaster. High-sugar diets produce hyperglycemia, obesity, insulin resistance and cardiomyopathy in flies, along with ectopic accumulation of toxic lipids, or lipotoxicity. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 is an enzyme that contributes to long-chain fatty acid metabolism by introducing a double bond into the acyl chain. Knockdown of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 in the fat body reduced lipogenesis and exacerbated pathophysiology in flies reared on high-sucrose diets. These flies exhibited dyslipidemia and growth deficiency in addition to defects in cardiac and gut function. We assessed the lipidome of these flies using tandem mass spectrometry to provide insight into the relationship between potentially lipotoxic species and type 2 diabetes-like pathophysiology. Oleic acid supplementation is able to rescue a variety of phenotypes produced by stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 RNAi, including fly mass, triglyceride storage, gut development and cardiac failure. Taken together, these data suggest a protective role for monounsaturated fatty acids in diet-induced metabolic disease phenotypes.


Author(s):  
Zuohua Li ◽  
Wenjie Tang ◽  
Saiming Gong ◽  
Yunxia Li ◽  
Siting Xia ◽  
...  

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2198
Author(s):  
Franziska Bayer ◽  
Olga Dremova ◽  
My Phung Khuu ◽  
Könül Mammadova ◽  
Giulia Pontarollo ◽  
...  

The gastrointestinal tract is a functionally and anatomically segmented organ that is colonized by microbial communities from birth. While the genetics of mouse gut development is increasingly understood, how nutritional factors and the commensal gut microbiota act in concert to shape tissue organization and morphology of this rapidly renewing organ remains enigmatic. Here, we provide an overview of embryonic mouse gut development, with a focus on the intestinal vasculature and the enteric nervous system. We review how nutrition and the gut microbiota affect the adaptation of cellular and morphologic properties of the intestine, and how these processes are interconnected with innate immunity. Furthermore, we discuss how nutritional and microbial factors impact the renewal and differentiation of the epithelial lineage, influence the adaptation of capillary networks organized in villus structures, and shape the enteric nervous system and the intestinal smooth muscle layers. Intriguingly, the anatomy of the gut shows remarkable flexibility to nutritional and microbial challenges in the adult organism.


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