scholarly journals The effect of dietary lysine levels on growth and metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Walton ◽  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
J. W. Adron
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Dietary Requirement ◽  
Saccharopine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1. Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri; mean weight 5 g) were given diets containing 10, 12, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 26 g lysine/kg diet for 12 weeks.2. By analysis of the growth values the dietary requirement of lysine in this experiment was found to be 19 g/kg diet. A similar requirement value was obtained from a dose-response curve of expired 14CO2 (following an intraperitoneal injection of L-[U-14C]lysine) v. dietary lysine concentration.3. Liver concentrations of total lipid and carnitine and activities of lysine-α-ketoglutarate reductase (saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, lysine-forming), EC 1. 5. 1. 8 ) in the liver were not significantly different in fish from the different dietary treatments. Hepatosomatic index, however, was higher in those fish given low levels of dietary lysine.

scholarly journals Studies on the nutrition of salmonid fish. The magnesium requirement of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Knox ◽  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
J. W. Adron
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Initial Weight ◽  
Muscle Water ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
K Concentration ◽  
Dry Diet ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of mean initial weight 35 g were given one of five experimental diets for 20 weeks. The diets contained (g/kg dry diet) 15 calcium, 10 phosphorus and graded levels of magnesium from 0.04 (diet no. 1) to 1.0 (diet no. 5). In a second experiment rainbow trout of mean initial weight 16 g were given one of six experimental diets for 20 weeks. The diets contained (g/kg dry diet): Ca (40), P (30) and levels of Mg from 0.06 (diet no. 6) to 2.0 (diet no. 11).2. In both experiments weight gains were lowest in those trout given diets containing the basal levels of Mg (diet no. 1 and diet no. 6) but increased with increasing dietary Mg concentration. In neither experiment was there any further increase in weight gain once the Mg concentration reached 0.25–0.5 g/kg dry diet; weight gain reached a plateau at this dietary Mg level.3. The following trends occurred in serum electrolyte concentrations as dietary Mg increased. Mg increased in both experiments, in Expt 2 it reached a maximum of 1 mmol/l when the diet containted 0.5 g Mg/kg and did not increase further; sodium was positively correlated in both experiments; potassium decreased and in Expt 2 reached a plateau minimum of 1.7 mmol/l at a dietary Mg concentration of 0.5 g/kg; Ca and P altered little in either experiment.4. In both experiments renal Ca concentrations were greatly increased in trout given diets lacking supplementary Mg; they fell to low levels (3–5 mmol/kg) when diets conained 0.15 g Mg/kg or more. Renal K and P concentrations were negatively correlated with dietary Mg in Expt 2; other electrolytes measured were not altered in concentration by the treatments used.5. Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) of muscle was negatively correlated with dietary Mg. In Expt 2 it reached a minimal or normal value at 0.5 g Mg/kg diet and did not decease further. Muscle Mg concentration increased with diet Mg in both experiments and muscle K concentration was also correlated with diet Mg in Expt 2. These changes were related to the shift in muscle water. In Expt 1, P concentration was decreased with increasing diet Mg but in Expt 2 its concentration increased, these changes may have been connected with the three-fold difference in dietary P in the two experiments.6. By contrast with skeletal muscle, Mg levels in cardiac muscle increased at low dietary Mg intakes.7. Concentrations of electrolytes in liver did not alter with dietary treatments used.8. The results show that Mg requirement of rainbow trout is met by a diet containing 0.5 g Mg/kg diet.

Turnover and Urinary Excretion of Free and Acetylated M.S. 222 by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Hunn ◽  
Richard A. Schoettger ◽  
Wayne A. Willford
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aromatic Amines ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Free Drug ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Drug Elimination ◽  
Drug Excretion ◽  
Anesthetic Concentration ◽  
Low Levels

Rainbow trout: (Salmo gairdneri) anesthetized in 100 mg/liter of M.S. 222 at 12 C excreted the drug in free and acetylated forms via the urine during a 24-hr recovery period in freshwater. Of the M.S. 222 excreted, 77–96% was acetylated. Blood levels of free drug in anesthetized trout approximated 75% of the anesthetic concentration, but the amount of acetylated M.S. 222 was relatively insignificant. The blood and urine were cleared of the two fractions of M.S. 222 in 8 and 24 hr respectively. Low levels of aromatic amines of natural origin occurred in blood and urine and were subtracted from measurements of M.S. 222. Intraperitoneal injections of 10–100 mg/kg of M.S. 222 did not induce anesthesia; however, the 24-hr pattern of drug excretion was similar to that observed after anesthesia by immersion. Only 15–21% of the injected dose was found in the urine, suggesting a second route of drug elimination.

scholarly journals The production of renal calcinosis by magnesium deficiency in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1977 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
D. Knox ◽  
J. W. Adron ◽  
S. George ◽  
B. Pirie
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Magnesium Deficiency ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Renal Calculi ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
List Type ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Micro Analysis

1.Replicate groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were given one of five experimental diets (diets 1-5) for 16 weeks. The diets contained different amounts of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and were prepared so that there were three levels of Ca (g/kg): 14 (diet 1), 26 (diets 2 and 3) and 40 (diets 4 and 5), Ca:P being approximately 1:1 in all diets. Diets 1, 2 and 4 had basal Mg levels (not more than 0.063 g/kg) whereas diets 3 and 5 contained supplementary Mg (1.0 g/kg).2.Weight gains of the trout given diets containing supplementary Mg were twice those of trout given diets with basal levels of Mg. At both dietary Mg concentrations weight gain was unaffected by the dietary Ca level.3.Serum Mg levels were significantly reduced in those trout given diets without supplementary Mg. The serum Ca level in those trout given the lowest concentration of Ca in their diet (14 g/kg, diet 1) was significantly greater than in those given higher amounts of Ca in their diets. Serum P levels were not significantly different with any of the experimental diets.4.The renal Ca concentration was increased in trout given diet 3 (26 g Ca/kg; basal Mg levels). No further increase in renal Ca concentration occurred in trout given diet 5 (40 g Ca/kg; basal Mg levels). With diets containing supplementary Mg renal Ca levels were increased at a dietary Ca level of 40 g/kg but not at a dietary Ca level of 26 g/kg. Renal Mg and P concentrations were not significantly different between any of the dietary treatments.5.Renal calculi were demonstrated by light and electron microscopy in tubules of those trout given diets 3 and 5 (basal Mg; 26 and 40 g Ca/kg respectively). Electron-probe micro-analysis showed that these calculi contained or comprised tricalcium phosphate.6.The skeletal muscle of Mg-deficient trout contained significantly more sodium than that of normal trout. It is suggested that this is indicative of an increase in extracellular fluid in the muscle of Mg-deficient trout.

Measurement of vitellogenin from rainbow trout by rocket immunoelectrophoresis: application to the kinetic analysis of estrogen stimulation in the male

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (9) ◽  
pp. 982-987 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Louis Maitre ◽  
Catherine Le Guellec ◽  
Stephane Derrien ◽  
Martin Tenniswood ◽  
Yves Valotaire
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Immature Female ◽  
External Appearance ◽  
Seasonal Regulation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Estrogen Stimulation ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Estradiol Levels ◽  
Stimulation Of

The study of the seasonal regulation of vitellogenesis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) is hampered by two features of the system which are not seen in species such as Xenopus. First, it is impossible to sex immature trout by external appearance and, secondly, the quantitation of the very low levels of vitellogenin in previtellogenic serum is technically difficult and tedious. We describe the preparation of a specific, sensitive anti-vitellogenin antibody and the use of this antibody in a rocket immunoelectrophoresis system to measure serum vitellogenin. The sensitivity of the assay is such that, using only 2 μL of serum, it is possible to detect vitellogenin at levels of 10 μg/mL, making this assay extremely useful for selecting immature female trout for further studies on the basis of the presence of vitellogenin. Using this system we have also measured the response of individual male trout to stimulation with different levels of estradiol, and we have shown that it is possible to measure the stimulation of vitellogenin by estradiol levels equivalent to those seen during the previtellogenic phase of the reproductive cycle in females. This simple assay system thus alleviates two of the major hurdles in studying vitellogenesis in trout.

scholarly journals The effect of vitamin E and oxidized fish oil on the nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) grown at natural, varying water temperatures

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 443-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
Elizabeth Degener ◽  
A. G. J. Tacon ◽  
A. Youngson ◽  
J. G. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Vitamin E ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Tocopheryl Acetate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Oxidized Oil ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Oxidized Fish Oil

1. Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) of approximate mean initial weight 8 g were grown in outdoor tanks over a 14-week period at water temperatures between 12° (start) and 6° (end). Four diets were used. Two contained non-oxidized fish oil (120 g/kg) with or without supplementary DL-α tocopheryl acetate and two contained moderately oxidized fish oil again with or without DL-α-tocopheryl acetate. The measured selenium content of the diets was 0.10 mg/kg.2. No significant differences occurred as a consequence of the use of moderately oxidized oil compared with the corresponding treatments using non-oxidized oil. Significant differences did occur between dietary treatments that contained supplementary DL-α-tocopheryl acetate and those that did not. These differences applied to weight gain, haematocrit, erythrocyte fragility, mortalities, liver and muscle tocopherol concentrations and lipid peroxidation of liver mitochondria in vitro. Liver glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) activity was unaffected by the dietary treatments used and the proportions of fatty acids in polar lipids of liver and muscle were little changed by the diets used. Severe muscle damage occurred in trout given diets lacking supplementary DL-α-tocopheryl acetate.3. Previous experiments carried out on rainbow trout at a constant water temperature of 15° (Hung et al. 1981; Cowey et al. 1981, 1983), using diets lacking supplementary vitamin E, did not lead to differences in weight gain, pathological changes or mortalities.4. Vitamin E requirement may increase as water temperature decreases; minimum dietary requirements for vitamin E measured at a constant water temperature of 15° may not be valid under practical conditions where water temperatures vary over the year.

Effect of DDT and M.S. 222 on Learning a Simple Conditioned Response in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia G. McNicholl ◽  
W. C. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Learning Rate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Improved Learning ◽  
Dose Dependent

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were force fed, with and without M.S. 222 anesthesia, pellets containing DDT equivalent to 0, 10, and 100% of the 96 h-LD50 dose of 0.03 mg DDT/g body weight. DDT at the LD50 dose significantly increased learning rate 48 and 72 h after treatment. Although the 10% LD50 group did not learn significantly faster than controls, their slightly improved learning rate indicated a dose-dependent response curve. M.S. 222 did not affect learning rate of a simple conditioned response whether or not the anesthetic was combined with DDT.

The promotion of catecholamine release in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, by acute acidosis: interactions between red cell pH and haemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity

1986 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-157
Author(s):  
R. G. Boutilier ◽  
G. K. Iwama ◽  
D. J. Randall
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Respiratory Acidosis ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Gill Ventilation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity ◽  
Catecholamine Levels

A fall in blood pH was generated either by infusion of HCl or by reducing gill ventilation and raising blood PCO2 in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. The acute acidosis resulting from HCl infusion caused an increase in plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations, the adrenaline increase being proportional to the decrease in blood pH. Fish subjected to a prolonged respiratory acidosis, caused by a reduction in gill ventilation, showed no increase in catecholamines 24 h after the change in gill ventilation. We suggest that catecholamine levels increase in response to a pH decrease, but if acidotic conditions are maintained, circulating catecholamines return to low levels. There was a much smaller decrease in erythrocytic pH with a fall in plasma pH when catecholamine levels were high. This ameliorating effect of catecholamines on erythrocytic pH during a plasma acidosis maintains the oxygen-carrying capacity of the haemoglobin. If erythrocytic pH was decreased by increasing blood PCO2 in vitro, then there was a fall in haemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity which was proportional to the reduction in pH. We conclude that catecholamines are released into the blood in proportion to the fall in blood pH but if the pH is maintained the circulating catecholamines return to their initial low levels. The elevated catecholamine concentrations in blood safeguard against any impairment of haemoglobin oxygen-carrying capacity by maintaining erythrocytic pH in the face of a plasma acidosis.

The effect of changes in blood oxygen-carrying capacity on ventilation volume in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1982 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-334
Author(s):  
F. M. Smith ◽  
D. R. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Oxygen Content ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Breathing Frequency ◽  
Ventilatory Responses ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Oxygen Carrying Capacity

1. Changes in ventilation volume (Vg) of rainbow trout caused by hypercapnia, hypoxia and anaemia were measured directly by collection of expired water. 2. Exposure to hypercapnic water (PCO2 range 0.5-2 kPa) increased Vg (by up to four times) by augmenting ventilatory stroke volume; breathing frequency remained constant. O2 added to the inspired water in maintained hypercapnia reduced Vg at all but the highest level of PCO2. 3. Vg increased when blood oxygen content was decreased by exposure to normoxic hypercapnia, but addition of O2 to the water increased blood oxygen content and Vg decreased. 4. When blood oxygen-carrying capacity was depressed by hypoxia or anaemia, Vg increased as it did during normoxic hypercapnia. 5. We suggest that ventilatory responses to low levels of hypercapnia, to hyperoxic hypercapnia, to hypoxia, and to anaemia in trout are related to changes in levels of blood oxygen content under these conditions.

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