Effect of DDT and M.S. 222 on Learning a Simple Conditioned Response in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 661-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia G. McNicholl ◽  
W. C. Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Conditioned Response ◽  
Learning Rate ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Improved Learning ◽  
Dose Dependent

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were force fed, with and without M.S. 222 anesthesia, pellets containing DDT equivalent to 0, 10, and 100% of the 96 h-LD50 dose of 0.03 mg DDT/g body weight. DDT at the LD50 dose significantly increased learning rate 48 and 72 h after treatment. Although the 10% LD50 group did not learn significantly faster than controls, their slightly improved learning rate indicated a dose-dependent response curve. M.S. 222 did not affect learning rate of a simple conditioned response whether or not the anesthetic was combined with DDT.

Digestive Response of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, to Pellet Diets

1969 ◽  
Vol 26 (7) ◽  
pp. 1801-1812 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. Windell ◽  
David O. Norris ◽  
James F. Kitchell ◽  
James S. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Methyl Cellulose ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gastric Evacuation ◽  
Gastric Contents

Quantitative data are presented for three laboratory experiments concerning rate of gastric evacuation of pellets (fed in gelatin capsules) and pellet components. Rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, acclimated to a constant water temperature of 15 C were killed 12 hr after consuming an experimental meal. Subtraction of amount of dry matter remaining at autopsy from dry matter consumed yielded amount of food digested or evacuated or both, from the stomach per unit time.Meals of encapsulated pellet were evacuated from the stomach more rapidly (65.8% decrease in 12 hr) than encapsulated corn oil (42.6%), gelatin (50.8%), a combination of corn oil and gelatin (47.3%), saturated fat (28.8%), or methyl cellulose (50.3%).Groups of fish consuming five capsules equal to approximately 0.65 % of their body weight evacuated 35.9, 45.1, 64.2, 95.5, and 100% at intervals after killing from 6 to 36 hr, respectively. Similar groups consuming seven capsules equal to approximately 1.0% of their body weight evacuated 23.7, 57.9, 70.5, and 86.6% at intervals after killing from 4 to 20 hr, respectively.Ten groups of trout consuming amounts of dry matter equal to 0.24, 0.40, 0.74, 1.11, 1.31, 1.19, 1.59, 1.56, 1.91, and 2.26% of their body weight evacuated 90.7, 81.3, 64.2, 57.9, 56.6, 52.5, 53.4, 51.3, 58.7, and 50.0% in 12 hr, respectively. Gastric motility remains relatively constant once food has entered the stomach. However, when larger meals are fed a greater quantity is evacuated per unit time. This could only be accomplished by changes in volume of gastric contents pumped per peristaltic stroke or number of strokes per unit time.

Lethal toxicity of permethrin (NRDC-143) to rainbow trout, salmo gairdneri, in relation to body weight and water temperature

1981 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.K. Kumaraguru ◽  
F.W.H. Beamish
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Lethal Toxicity

Models of Ammonia Excretion for Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1980 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 1421-1425 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry J. Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Ammonia Excretion ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Nitrogen Consumption ◽  
Good Agreement

Ammonia excretion by brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) was measured in relation to nitrogen consumption, body weight (15–154 g for rainbow trout and 50–360 g for brook trout), and temperature (11.2–21.0 °C) under laboratory conditions. Four natural diets, collected from Castle Lake, California, and a commercial pellet diet were fed to the trout in gelatin capsules at feeding rates from 2.5 to 5% body weight∙d−1. Nitrogen consumption was the most important factor influencing ammonia excretion, followed by body weight and temperature. Testing the models with an independent data set revealed good agreement between measured and predicted rates of excretion. The models seem to estimate adequately ammonia excretion by trout in both natural and artificial aquatic systems.Key words: models, ammonia excretion, nitrogen consumption, body weight, temperature, multiple regression, rainbow trout, brook trout

A Study of in vivo Glycine Absorption by Fed and Fasted Rainbow Trout (Salmo Gairdneri)

1981 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 285-292 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. BOGÉ ◽  
A. RIGAL ◽  
G. PÉRES
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Concentration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Mucosal Tissue ◽  
Perfusion Technique

The effects of 4 and 8 weeks fasting at 16 °C were studied in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson. After 4 and 8 weeks, the wet weights of the intestine of fasted animals are respectively 64% and 69% lower than those of fed animals. These effects especially concern the mucosal tissue. Glycine absorption (0.5 and 10 mm) was studied using an in vivo perfusion technique. After 4 weeks, the absolute amounts of 0.5 mm glycine absorbed by fasted and fed fish are similar. With 10 mm glycine, the absorption is slightly lower in fasted trout (−19%). After 8 weeks these differences are more marked, with glycine concentrations of 10 mm (−42%). Results expressed per 100 g body weight showed that these differences result partly from a weight gain of fed trout. Absorption expressed in terms of weight of dry intestine is higher in 4 and 8 weeks fasted animals, principally for the lower amino acid concentration (+61% and +111%). Larger differences were apparent when the absorptions were expressed in terms of dry weight of mucosal tissue (+122% and +225%).

The ontogeny of ultraviolet photosensitivity in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1989 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig W. Hawryshyn ◽  
Margaret G. Arnold ◽  
Duane J. Chaisson ◽  
Patricia C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Spectral Sensitivity ◽  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Uv Sensitivity ◽  
Heart Rate Conditioning ◽  
Sensitivity Peak ◽  
Ocular Media

AbstractThe present study examines the changes in ultraviolet (UV) photosensitivity that occur during the growth of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). A comparison of the ocular media transmission of small (n = 3) and large (n = 3) trout eyes did not reveal large changes in the transmission of UV radiation through the eye. We used the heart-rate conditioning technique to measure spectral sensitivity in immobilized trout. Four trout, each weighing less than 30 g, exhibited a UV-sensitivity peak at 360 nm while four additional trout weighing more than 60 g each exhibited no evidence of UV sensitivity. Spectral-sensitivity measurements of two trout weighing 44 g and 60 g revealed UV sensitivity, but when measured one month later (after a 25% increase in body weight) both fish exhibited no UV-sensitivity peak. At this time their sensitivity appeared to conform to the known blue-sensitive cone mechanism.

Elimination of Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) by Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri), and an Examination of its Kinetics in Lake Ontario Salmonids

1981 ◽  
Vol 38 (11) ◽  
pp. 1350-1356 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Niimi ◽  
C. Y. Cho
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Lake Ontario ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Kinetics Of

Subadult rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed diets containing hexachlorobenzene (HCB) to establish mean body burdens of 225 and 440 μg HCB per fish. They were sampled after 0, 24, 55, and 110 d to estimate the rate of elimination. The biological half-life or T[Formula: see text] of HCB for trout under the prescribed laboratory conditions was estimated to be at least 7 mo, and perhaps as long as several years. T[Formula: see text] was calculated using body burden or μg HCB per fish, and tissue concentrations or μg/kg HCB. Estimates of T[Formula: see text] derived from tissue concentrations ranged from 61 to 117 d, but this was shown to be due to a relative increase in body weight over the study period. The implications of increasing body weight on kinetics measurements are discussed, and an equation is presented that adjusts for changes in body weight where estimates of T[Formula: see text] are calculated using tissue concentrations.The results of this and other studies on HCB were used to examine the kinetics of HCB in salmonids collected from Lake Ontario. Using the information derived from laboratory studies on rainbow trout, good agreement was achieved between the expected level and that monitored in field samples of rainbow trout, but only a fair agreement was suggested for lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) and coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Differences in the HCB kinetics of these species may be attributed to body weight, age, and perhaps feeding habits. Concentrations of HCB reported in field sampling programs generally range from 1 to 100 μg/kg in fish, and it is suggested that these levels are primarily due to the limited availability of HCB in the Lake Ontario environment.Key words: contaminants, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), half-life, elimination, depuration, rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri; Lake Ontario

Liver Fat and Protein Metabolism in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) Fed Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acids

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Malevski ◽  
M. W. Montgomery ◽  
R. O. Sinnhuber
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Liver Fat ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acetate Incorporation ◽  
Cyclopropenoid Fatty Acid

Effects of cyclopropenoid fatty acid (CPFA) ingestion on fat and protein metabolism in the liver of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were studied. Three dietary regimens were used: experimental group fed 0.5 mg CPFA/kg body weight per day, pair-fed control, and ad lib. control. CPFA ingestion did not cause a reduction in body weight gain; however, the ratio of liver weight to body weight was elevated. Livers of CPFA-fed trout had higher fat and lower protein levels. Incorporation of 14C labelled amino acids into livers was reduced in CPFA-fed trout. Of the amino acids incorporated into the livers, a higher proportion was found in the liver proteins of CPFA-fed trout than pair-fed controls. The percentage of 14C labelled acetate incorporation into liver fat of CPFA-fed trout was similar to that of the pair-fed controls, whereas acetate incorporation into liver proteins was reduced. Activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) and alanine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.2) were lower in CPFA-fed trout after 36 days on the diet; acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2) activity was unaffected by the treatment.

Iodine Balance in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) and Effects of Testosterone Propionate

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 282-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. C. Hunt ◽  
J. G. Eales
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Plasma Pool

Iodine balance was studied in immature rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) held at 12 °C in water of iodine content 1.85 μg/L and fed daily 1% of body weight with food containing 0.48 μg I/g. Iodide flux into the plasma pool was 148 ng I∙h−1∙100 g−1 of which < 1% was contributed by peripheral deiodination of thyroid hormones, up to 16% was obtained from the diet, and at least 84% was derived from the water. Less than 5% of iodide intake was required to satisfy thyroidal secretory demands. Testosterone injections elevated plasma iodide and protein levels, but did not alter the rate of plasma iodide turnover. Key words: trout, iodine balance, thyroid function, testosterone

Physical injury due to injection or blood removal causes transitory elevations of plasma thyroxine in rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (9) ◽  
pp. 1998-2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Brown ◽  
Katherine Fedoruk ◽  
J. G. Eales
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Saline Injection ◽  
Liver Uptake ◽  
Marked Elevation ◽  
Peripheral Metabolism ◽  
Bovine Tsh ◽  
Diurnal Cycling

A transitory 100–200% increase in plasma thyroxine (T4) occurs within 2 h of either blood sampling from caudal vessels or saline injection into coelomic or cardiac regions of rainbow trout anaesthetized in methane tricaine sulphate (MS 222). Plasma 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine (T3) does not usually increase and may decrease slightly. MS 222 anaesthesia does not contribute to the response, which is believed to be caused by physical injury above a certain threshold.Physical injury does not modify the peripheral metabolism of labeled T4 as judged by its deiodination, enterohepatic excretion, or liver uptake, and it is concluded that the plasma T4 response is due to increased thyroidal discharge of T4. This view is supported by the marked elevation of plasma T4 but negligible change in plasma T3 following bovine TSH injection.It was also shown that plasma T4 and T3 levels of 1-year-old trout starved for 3 days do not exhibit significant diurnal cycling, do not vary between sexes, but are correlated with body weight.

scholarly journals The effect of dietary lysine levels on growth and metabolism of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Walton ◽  
C. B. Cowey ◽  
J. W. Adron
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Intraperitoneal Injection ◽  
Response Curve ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Hepatosomatic Index ◽  
Dietary Requirement ◽  
Saccharopine Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lysine Concentration ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Dietary Treatments

1. Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri; mean weight 5 g) were given diets containing 10, 12, 14, 17, 21, 24 and 26 g lysine/kg diet for 12 weeks.2. By analysis of the growth values the dietary requirement of lysine in this experiment was found to be 19 g/kg diet. A similar requirement value was obtained from a dose-response curve of expired 14CO2 (following an intraperitoneal injection of L-[U-14C]lysine) v. dietary lysine concentration.3. Liver concentrations of total lipid and carnitine and activities of lysine-α-ketoglutarate reductase (saccharopine dehydrogenase (NADP+, lysine-forming), EC 1. 5. 1. 8 ) in the liver were not significantly different in fish from the different dietary treatments. Hepatosomatic index, however, was higher in those fish given low levels of dietary lysine.

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