Effect of guar gum on nitrogen secretion into isolated loops of jejunum in conscious growing pigs

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-505 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Low ◽  
Anna L. Rainbird
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
N Metabolism ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Nitrogen Secretion

1. Four pigs, initially of 30 kg live weight, were surgically prepared with two re-entrant cannulas in the jejunum, 1.0 m apart. This allowed an isolated loop to be formed through which Ringer solutions were continuously perfused for 6.5-h periods per day.2. The effects of two Ringer solutions of contrasting composition on nitrogen secretion were measured in a preliminary study.3. The effects of guar gum (6.7 g/l) on N secretion during perfusions of solutions of glucose or of maltose (20 g/l) were measured.4. N secretion did not differ significantly between the two Ringer solutions.5. Addition of guar gum to the solution of glucose increased mean N secretion from 69.2 to 133.9 mg/m per 2 h; the corresponding values for the maltose solution were 75.5 and 120.2 mg/m per 2 h. In both cases the differences were significant (P< 0.001). Differences between N secretion into glucose and maltose solutions were not significant, either without or with guar gum.6. Guar gum addition had a greater effect on N secretion in hours 5 and 6 than in hours 1 and 2 of perfusion.7. It was calculated that guar gum would have increased N secretion by the mucosa of the whole small intestine from approximately 15 to 27 g/d under the conditions of the study, assuming uniform secretion throughout the organ. These results suggest that certain types of dietary fibre may be important determinants of N secretion by the mucosa of the small intestine. They also suggest that changes in N secretion of this magnitude are of importance in N metabolism because the overall rate of protein synthesis in these pigs was probably about 100 g/d (expressed as N), using values from the literature.

scholarly journals Effect of various types of dietary fibre on gastric emptying in growing pigs

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Rainbird ◽  
A. G. Low
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Total Glucose

1. Five pigs initially of 40–50 kg live weight were fitted with simple gastric cannulas which permitted complete evacuation and sampling of gastric digesta once daily.2. The effects of addition of four types of dietary fibre(wheat bran (WB; 40 g/kg), sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose (CMC; 40 g/kg), high-methoxy citrus pectin (Pe; 40 g/kg) and granulated guar gum (G; 40 g/kg)) on gastric emptying of a semi-purified diet during 4 h following a meal were measured.3. Each of the test diets and the control diet (C) were given to each pig for 1 week using a 5 x 5 Latin-square arrangement. Digesta were collected before and 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 h after feeding on the last 5 d of each week.4. The mean gastric pH was not significantly affected by diet except 2 h after feeding (CMC higher than C) and 4 h (Pe, G and CMC higher than C).5. Compared with diet C, the rate of gastric emptying of digesta was significantly slower for diet G, 1, 2 and 4 h after feeding, and 2 and 4 h after feeding for diet CMC.6. The rates of gastric emptying of digesta components were not significantly reduced by dietary fibre except for dry matter (DM) (diet CMC 2 h and diet B 4 h after feeding), total nitrogen (TN)(diet G 2 h after feeding) and total glucose (diet Pe 2 h after feeding).7. There were no significant effects of diet on trichloroacetic-acid-soluble N:TN.8. When gastric emptying was expressed in terms of half-time (T59) values, significant increases (compared with diet C) were found for digesta (diets G and CMC), DM (diet WB) and TN (diet G).9. The apparent viscosity of the gastric digesta was significantly higher when diets Pe, G, and CMC were given than diets C or WB. Diets Pe and CMC were very viscous in the meal before ingestion, but diet G was not; its high viscosity developed after it had reached the stomach.10. It is concluded that although those types of dietary fibre which increased meal or gastric viscosity reduced the rate of gastric emptying of digesta, this effect was confined to the liquid phase, because DM, total glucose and TN emptying were largely unaffected. The hypothesis that a reduced rate of gastric emptying may be an important determinant of the decreased rates of glucose absorption observed when such sources of dietary fibre are eaten is not supported by the results presented.

The effects of dietary fibre, lactose and antibiotic on the levels of skatole and indole in faeces and subcutaneous fat in growing pigs

1992 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 413-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Hawe ◽  
N. Walker ◽  
B. W. Moss
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Fibre Diet ◽  
Beet Pulp ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

AbstractThe effects on the production of indoles of dietary fibre, lactose and antibiotic were examined in a factorial design using 16 crossbred pigs (eight boars and eight gilts) from 40 to 90 kg live weight. The control diet was based on wheat and soya-bean meal which was partially replaced either by sugar-beet pulp (400 mg/g) or lactose (25 mg/g) or both. All diets were offered with or without the antibiotic tylosin phosphate (200 mg/kg diet). Animals were penned individually and the diet restricted to provide 1·3 M] digestible energy per kg M0·75. All faeces were collected for two 4-day periods at about 60 and 75 kg live weight. Animals were slaughtered on completion of the experiment and subcutaneous fat was sampled. Faeces and carcass fat were analysed for skatole and indole. There were no significant effects of treatments on growth rate but killing-out proportion was reduced (P< 0·05) on fibre or lactose diets with an additive effect (P< 0·001) of the combined ingredients. Dietary fibre significantly increased the daily elimination of skatole and indole and the concentration of indole in faeces but because of greater faecal bulk on the fibre diet the concentration of skatole in faecal dry matter was higher (P< 0·05) on the control diet. Dietary lactose had no effect on indole in faeces but significantly reduced the concentration and daily output of skatole. Levels of both skatole and indole in faeces tended to be reduced with dietary antibiotic which had a significant interaction with the fibre treatment on indole levels. The concentrations of skatole or indole in subcutaneous fat were neither affected by dietary treatment nor significantly correlated with concentrations or outputs in faeces.

scholarly journals Effect of guar gum on gastric emptying in growing pigs

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Rainbird ◽  
A. G. Low
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Fat Diets ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentrations

1. Simple gastric cannulas were surgically fitted to four pigs, initially of 30 kg live weight, to examine the effects of guar gum on gastric emptying.2. Four semi-purified high-fat diets based on starch, casein, soya-bean oil and tallow were given to each pig. They contained 0 (control), 20, 40 or 60 g powdered guar gum/kg diet. The meals as fed contained 257 g dry matter (DM)/kg.3. The contents of the stomach were evacuated, with rinsing, before feeding or 0.5, 1, 2 or 4 h after feeding.4. The mean pH of the digesta was unaffected by guar gum until 4 h after feeding when the value increased as the amount of guar gum in the diet rose.5. The only significant effects of guar gum on the emptying of digesta and its components (compared with the control diet) were to reduce the rate of emptying of (a) digesta 1 h after feeding (60 g/kg diet) and 4 h after feeding (40 and 60 g/kg diets), (b) dry matter and glucose 1 h after feeding (60 g/kg diet), (c) nitrogen 1 h after feeding (60 g/kg diet) and 4 h after feeding (40 and 60 g/kg diets).6. When expressed on a half-time (T50) basis, the emptying of digesta and N (but not of DM and glucose) were significantly slower for diets containing 40 and 60 g guar gum/kg than for the control diet.7. The apparent viscosity of the gastric digesta ranged between 0.5 and 23.7% of the values for the diets as consumed.8. It was concluded that the effects of guar gum on gastric emptying of high-solid meals were small, and that this was unlikely to be an important aspect of the mechanism by which guar gum reduces postprandial blood glucose concentrations.

Studies on digestion and absorption in the intestines of growing pigs

1978 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-545 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. Partridge
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Concomitant Reduction ◽  
Calcium Phosphorus ◽  
High Cellulose ◽  
Immediate Response

1. Seven pigs of 30 kg initial live weight were fitted with re-entrant cannulas in the terminal ileum. Each was fed, in succession, four purified diets having cellulose and sodium levels (g/kg) of 30 and 2.7, 30 and 0.9, 90 and 2.7 or 90 and 0.9, respectively. Collections of digesta (24 h) and 3 or 4 d collections of faeces were made.2. There was a greater throughput of ileal digesta with the high-cellulose diets than with the low-cellulose diets, mainly due to increased water content, and there was a concomitant reduction in the net absorption of Na from the small intestine. The immediate response to reduced Na intake was increased secretion of Na into the gut lumen anterior to the terminal ileum; this was more pronounced with the high-cellulose diet. Na concentrations in ileal digesta were very similar for all four diets.3. The apparent absorptions of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium and zinc were reduced by the high-cellulose diets. In each instance this was due to reduced absorption posterior to the terminal ileum.

Interactions of deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on tissue protein synthesis in pigs

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kullik ◽  
B. Brosig ◽  
S. Kersten ◽  
H. Valenta ◽  
A.-K. Diesing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tissue Protein ◽  
Fusarium Toxin ◽  
Synthesis Parameters ◽  
Tissue Protein Synthesis

Possible interactions between the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol and lipopolysaccharides on in vivo protein synthesis were investigated in selected porcine tissues. A total of 36 male castrated pigs (initial weight of 26 kg) were used. 24 pigs were fed a control diet and 12 a Fusarium-contaminated diet (chronic oral deoxynivalenol, 3.1 mg/kg diet) for 37 days. Tissue protein synthesis was measured in pigs fed control diet after intravenous infusion of deoxynivalenol (100 µg/kg live weight/h), lipopolysaccharides (7.5 µg/kg live weight/h) or a combination of both compounds on the day of the measurements, while six pigs from the chronic oral deoxynivalenol group were intravenously treated with lipopolysaccharides (7.5 µg/kg live weight/h). Deoxynivalenol challenge alone failed to alter protein synthesis parameters. Fractional protein synthesis rates were exclusively reduced in liver, spleen and small intestine of lipopolysaccharides-treated pigs. Intravenous deoxynivalenol co-exposure enhanced the impacts of lipopolysaccharides on protein synthesis parameters in the spleen and the small intestine to some extent, while a chronic oral pre-exposure with deoxynivalenol relieved its effects in the spleen. Whether these interactions occur in other tissues and under other study conditions, especially toxin doses and route of entry into the body, needs to be examined further.

Theoretical aspects of a flexible model to stimulate protein and lipid growth in pigs

1976 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
R. H. Fawcett
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Energy Cost ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Synthesis Rate ◽  
Heat Output ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Calculated Energy

SummaryA model designed to simulate growth in pigs has been developed to include the following aspects of protein and energy use.1. It is proposed that the ratio of protein accretion to protein synthesis is a function of protein mass. Synthesis rate influences the efficiency of protein use, the energy cost of protein accretion and the energy cost of maintenance. A calculated energy cost for protein synthesis of 7·3 MJ ME/kg is suggested; the calculated energy yield from deaminated protein is 11·5 MJ ME/kg.2. Urinary losses of nitrogen are derived from estimates of protein quality by essential amino acid index, endogenous losses and the rate of protein accretion.3. A minimum fat to protein ratio in the gain of growing pigs of 1: 1 is assumed.4. An estimate of critical temperature which is dependent upon live weight and heat output is used to calculate energy expenditure for cold thermogenesis.

scholarly journals Effect of soluble dietary fibre on the viscosity of gastrointestinal contents and the acute glycaemic response in the rat

1994 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Cameron-Smith ◽  
G. R. Collier ◽  
K. O'dea
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Glycaemic Response ◽  
Soluble Fibre ◽  
Soluble Dietary Fibre

The postprandial glycaemic response following a meal is reduced with the addition of soluble dietary fibre. The reductions in the glycaemia are thought to be due largely to increased viscosity of the gastrointestinal (GI) contents retarding digestion and absorption. The aims of the present study were to determine the effect that the GI tract has on the viscosity of meals containing different soluble fibres and to determine whether the glycaemic response of a meal (containing the soluble fibre) was predicted by the viscosity of the digesta in the small intestine. High carbohydrate diets containing 70 g soluble fibre (guar gum, xanthan gum or methylcellulose)/kg or 70 g insoluble fibre (wheat bran)/kg were diluted in water to a final fibre concentration of 18 g/kg. Following dilution the wheat bran diet had no measurable viscosity, while the viscosities of the soluble fibre diets were elevated. When the diets were fed to male Sprague–Dawley rats for 2 weeks the viscosities of the stomach and small intestinal digesta were not predicted by the viscosity of the diets measured before ingestion The action of the GI tract on the viscosity of the soluble fibres was investigatedin vitroby dilution of the diets with acidic and neutralizing solutions, mimicking gastric and duodenal secretions. Dilution of diets with either acidic and neutralizing solutions or saline control significantly lowered the viscosity of all diets, while alterations in the pH of the diets had little impact on the resultant viscosity. When fasted rats were orally administered with the differing diets (0.25 g carbohydrate/kg body weight), the postprandial glucose response was reduced following the soluble-fibre-containing meals when compared with the wheat bran-supplemented meal, although the reduction in glycaemia only reached statistical significance with xanthan supplementation. These results indicate that there are large changes in the viscosity of a meal containing soluble fibre following ingestion, and that dilution of the diet by GI secretions is important in determining the resultant viscosity in the small intestine. Furthermore, the large differences in viscosity of the GI contents following consumption of the diets containing the soluble fibres were not predictive of the postprandial glycaemic response.

scholarly journals Effect of guar gum on glucose and water absorption from isolated loops of jejunum in conscious growing pigs

1984 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 489-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Rainbird ◽  
A. G. Low ◽  
Teresa Zebrowska
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Glucose Solution ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Glucose Absorption ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Ionic Content

1. Four pigs initially of 30 kg live weight were surgically prepared with two re-entrant cannulas in the jejunum 1.0 m apart which allowed an isolated loop to be formed through which solutions were perfused. 51Cr-EDTA was used as a marker for measuring net secretion or absorption.2. A new Ringer solution was made, the ionic content of which resembled more closely that found in the jejunum of pigs given similar diets, than Krebs-Ringer solution.3. The absorption of glucose and water from Krebs-Ringer and new Ringer solutions was compared.4. The effect of guar gum on the absorption of glucose and water from solutions of glucose and maltose was studied.5. There was a trend (not significant) for greater absorption of glucose and water from the new Ringer solution than from the Κ rebs-Ringer solution.6. Guar gum significantly reduced the net absorption of glucose from glucose or maltose solutions from 74.2 to 41.4% (P < 0.001) and 71.1 to 35.0% (P < 0.001) respectively.7. Guar gum significantly reduced the net absorption of water from the glucose solution from 42.7 to 8.3% (P < 0.01) and from the maltose solution from 49.2 to 5.1% (P < 0.001).8. The lack of differences between the absorption of glucose from solutions of glucose or maltose suggested that maltase (EC 3.2.1.20) activity was not inhibited to the extent that this limited the rate of glucose absorption.

scholarly journals Differential effects of feeding fermentable carbohydrate to growing pigs on performance, gut size and slaughter characteristics

1998 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Pluske ◽  
D. W. Pethick ◽  
B. P. Mullan
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Intestinal Growth ◽  
Hind Gut ◽  
Soya Bean Meal ◽  
Voluntary Food Intake

AbstractThirty-five gilts grown between 18 and 55 kg live weight were used to examine the effects of feeding fermentable carbohydrate on voluntary food intake, performance, carcass characteristics, and large intestinal growth. Five diets were used. The first diet contained steam-flaked sorghum and a supplement based on animal protein sources and 40 g/kg soya-bean meal (diet SAP). Using this diet as a base, three other diets contained either (i) guar gum, a source of soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) (diet SAP + S-NSP), (ii) Novelose™, a source of resistant starch (RS) (diet SAP + RS), and (Hi) a combination of both S-NSP and RS (diet SAP + S-NSP + RS). The final diet (diet WBL) was based on wheat, barley and Australian sweet lupins. Diets (i), (ii) and (Hi) were formulated such that the concentrations of soluble NSP, oligosaccharide and RS were similar to those contained in diet WBL. There was no relationship (F > 0·05) between voluntary food intake and indices of hind-gut fermentation, although pigs given diets SAP + S-NSP and SAP + S-NSP + RS took longer to reach the slaughter weight of 55 kg (F < 0·001) and converted food less efficiently than pigs given other diets (F < 0·001). An increased intake of S-NSP (R2 = 0·842, P < 0·05) and S-NSP + RS (R2 = 0·805, F < 0·05) was positively correlated to an increased (empty) weight of the large intestine. A significant negative relationship (R2 = 0·78, F < 0·05) existed between the daily intake of S-NSP + RS and dressing proportion, such that each gram increase caused a 0·25 g/kg decrease in the dressing proportion of pigs. No such relationships existed between the daily intake of soluble NSP, insoluble NSP, or RS (P > 0·05) with dressing proportion. These data suggest that the sources of fermentable carbohydrate used in this study, i.e. soluble NSP and RS, may not significantly depress voluntary food intake but can affect performance and have a significant effect on large intestinal growth and dressing proportion.

scholarly journals Ingestion of the soluble dietary fibre, polydextrose, increases calcium absorption and bone mineralization in normal and total-gastrectomized rats

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Hara ◽  
Takuya Suzuki ◽  
Yoritaka Aoyama
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Dietary Fibre ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acid ◽  
Guar Gum ◽  
Calcium Absorption ◽  
Bone Mineralization ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Fibre ◽  
Soluble Dietary Fibre

We previously demonstrated that feeding a highly fermentable and water-soluble dietary fibre, guar-gum hydrolysate (GGH) increased intestinal absorption of insoluble Ca salts in total-gastrectomized rats. In the present study, we examined the effects of feeding a less fermentable and water-soluble fibre, polydextrose (PD), on Ca absorption and bone mineralization in the normal and total-gastrectomized rats in comparison with the effects of GGH. Apparent Ca absorption was severely lowered by gastrectomy, and PD feeding (50 g/kg diet) partially restored the reduction of Ca absorption similarly to GGH feeding (50 g/kg diet). PD feeding also increased the Ca absorption in normal rats, but not GGH feeding. Femur Ca concentration was reduced with gastrectomy. Feeding PD for 21 d increased the bone Ca concentration in both normal and gastrectomized rats, but GGH feeding did not. In rats fed PD, pH of the caecal contents was lower than in rats fed fibre-free and GGH diets; however, soluble Ca concentration in the caecal contents was not different between the diet groups. Short-chain fatty acid concentrations were much lower in the PD groups than in the GGH groups. We also examinedin vitroCa absorption by using everted sacs of the small intestine. Addition of PD to the serosal medium of the ileal sacs increased Ca absorption, but addition of GGH did not. These results suggest that the small intestine rather than the large intestine is responsible for the increase in Ca absorption in rats fed PD, and suggests that the mechanism for the increase by PD may be different from that by GGH.

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