scholarly journals Effects of fatty acids on skeletal muscle cell differentiation in vitro

2006 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 623-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew S. Hurley ◽  
Claire Flux ◽  
Andrew M. Salter ◽  
John M. Brameld
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Horse Serum ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Muscle Cell Differentiation

Previous studies have shown stimulatory effects of linoleic acid (LA, C18:2) on differentiation of rat muscle cells in culture (Allen et al.1985), but there appears to be little investigation of the effects of other fatty acids. The present study therefore compared the effects of different fatty acids on muscle cell differentiation in vitro. L6 myoblasts were cultured (Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium+10% fetal calf serum) in six-well plates until 80% confluent (day 0). Cells were then either harvested or the medium switched to differentiation medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium+2% horse serum), supplemented with fatty acid or drug treatments. Cells were harvested on days 0–5 and assayed for creatine kinase (CK), protein and DNA contents, to give a measure of differentiation (CK/DNA). Initial studies indicated a stimulatory effect of the cis9trans11 (c9, t11) isomer of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) relative to control. By contrast, the trans10, cis12 (t10, c12) isomer of CLA inhibited differentiation. Further experiments indicated that inhibition of differentiation by the t10, c12 CLA isomer was dose-dependent (up to 200μm) and may be via increased cell proliferation. LA and c9, t11 CLA stimulated differentiation at low concentrations (up to 50μm), but inhibited differentiation at high concentrations (200μm). In contrast, oleic acid stimulated differentiation at all concentrations, whereas the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, had no effect. The mechanism appeared not to involve either peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α or γ. The data suggest that only unsaturated fatty acids have an effect and the presence or absence of a cis-9 double bond may be important.

Modelling the odour of cooked meat in vitro using different fatty acids

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 184-184
Author(s):  
Campo M.M. ◽  
Nute G.R. ◽  
Wood J.D. ◽  
Elmore S.J. ◽  
Mottram D.S. ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cooked Meat

The odour/flavour of beef from animals raised on cereal concentrates differs from that of forage fed animals and this is thought to be caused, at least in part, by differences in fatty acid composition (cereals, high in linoleic acid, C18:2; grass, high in linolenic acid, C18:3). During cooking, the thermal oxidation of fatty acids produces aroma volatiles and intermediates (Mottram, 1991) that modify the Maillard reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars. In this study, we have investigated the reactions that naturally occur in the muscle during cooking by heating together a sugar (ribose), a sulphur amino acid (cysteine) and several unsaturated fatty acids to evaluate the organoleptic contribution of fatty acids to meat aroma development.

scholarly journals Explore the gene network regulating the composition of fatty acids in cottonseed

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lihong Ma ◽  
Xinqi Cheng ◽  
Chuan Wang ◽  
Xinyu Zhang ◽  
Fei Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Linolenic Acid ◽  
Gene Network ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Accumulation Pattern ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Expression Characteristics

Abstract Background Cottonseed is one of the major sources of vegetable oil. Analysis of the dynamic changes of fatty acid components and the genes regulating the composition of fatty acids of cottonseed oil is of great significance for understanding the biological processes underlying biosynthesis of fatty acids and for genetic improving the oil nutritional qualities. Results In this study, we investigated the dynamic relationship of 13 fatty acid components at 12 developmental time points of cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and generated cottonseed transcriptome of the 12 time points. At 5–15 day post anthesis (DPA), the contents of polyunsaturated linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and saturated stearic acid (C18:0) were higher, while linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) was mainly synthesized after 15 DPA. Using 5 DPA as a reference, 15,647 non-redundant differentially expressed genes were identified in 10–60 DPA cottonseed. Co-expression gene network analysis identified six modules containing 3275 genes significantly associated with middle-late seed developmental stages and enriched with genes related to the linoleic acid metabolic pathway and α-linolenic acid metabolism. Genes (Gh_D03G0588 and Gh_A02G1788) encoding stearoyl-ACP desaturase were identified as hub genes and significantly up-regulated at 25 DPA. They seemed to play a decisive role in determining the ratio of saturated fatty acids to unsaturated fatty acids. FAD2 genes (Gh_A13G1850 and Gh_D13G2238) were highly expressed at 25–50 DPA, eventually leading to the high content of C18:2n-6 in cottonseed. The content of C18:3n-3 was significantly decreased from 5 DPA (7.44%) to 25 DPA (0.11%) and correlated with the expression characteristics of Gh_A09G0848 and Gh_D09G0870. Conclusions These results contribute to our understanding on the relationship between the accumulation pattern of fatty acid components and the expression characteristics of key genes involved in fatty acid biosynthesis during the entire period of cottonseed development.

scholarly journals Fatty acid positional distribution (sn-2 fatty acids) and phospholipid composition in Chinese breast milk from colostrum to mature stage

2018 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Wu ◽  
Runying Gao ◽  
Fang Tian ◽  
Yingyi Mao ◽  
Bei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Profile ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Positional Distribution ◽  
Phospholipid Composition ◽  
Mature Stage ◽  
Feeding Time

AbstractThis study quantified the fatty acid profile with emphasis on the stereo-specifically numbered (sn) 2 positional distribution in TAG and the composition of main phospholipids at different lactation stages. Colostrum milk (n 70), transitional milk (n 96) and mature milk (n 82) were obtained longitudinally from healthy lactating women in Shanghai. During lactation, total fatty acid content increased, with SFA dominating in fatty acid profile. A high ratio of n-6:n-3 PUFA was observed as 11:1 over lactation due to the abundance of linoleic acid in Chinese human milk. As the main SFA, palmitic acid showed absolute sn-2 selectivity, while oleic acid, linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid, the main unsaturated fatty acids, were primarily esterified at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. Nervonic acid and C22 PUFA including DHA were more enriched in colostrum with an sn-2 positional preference. A total of three dominant phospholipids (phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM)) were analysed in the collected samples, and each showed a decline in amount over lactation. PC was the dominant compound followed by SM and PE. With prolonged breast-feeding time, percentage of PE in total phospholipids remained constant, but PC decreased, and SM increased. Results from this study indicated a lipid profile different from Western reports and may aid the development of future infant formula more suitable for Chinese babies.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF SERUM LIPIDS IN HYPER- AND HYPOTHYROIDISM

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knut Kirkeby
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Serum Lipids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Eicosatrienoic Acid ◽  
High Linoleic Acid ◽  
Absolute Concentrations

ABSTRACT The fatty acid composition of cholesterol esters, phospholipids, and triglycerides of the serum has been studied in groups of hyperthyroid and hypothyroid women and also in control material matched for age. In hyperthyroidism, a decrease in the proportions of linoleic acid and an increase in the proportions of some saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids were observed. When absolute concentrations were considered, it appeared that the decrease in linoleic acid was almost equivalent to the entire decrease in total fatty acids in the serum of the hyperthyroid patients. In hypothyroidism no changes were noted in the proportions of linoleic, saturated and mono-unsaturated fatty acids, and the absolute concentrations reflected the general increase in serum lipids. It is believed that these findings may be explained by the changes in lipid turnover which are known to occur in disturbances of thyroid function. In hyperthyroidism, they lead to a linoleic acid deficiency, while a sparing effect must be operating in hypothyroidism. The finding of relatively high linoleic acid values combined with hyperlipaemia in hypothyroidism seems to be characteristic of the condition, since other types of hyperlipaemia are almost invariably combined with low percentages of linoleic acid. Results regarding arachidonic and eicosatrienoic acid are consistent with increased synthesis in hyperthyroidism, and decreased synthesis in hypothyroidism.

scholarly journals A kinetic rationale for functional redundancy in fatty acid biosynthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (38) ◽  
pp. 23557-23564
Author(s):  
Alex Ruppe ◽  
Kathryn Mains ◽  
Jerome M. Fox
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fatty Acid Synthase ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Functional Redundancy ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Total Production

Cells build fatty acids with biocatalytic assembly lines in which a subset of enzymes often exhibit overlapping activities (e.g., two enzymes catalyze one or more identical reactions). Although the discrete enzymes that make up fatty acid pathways are well characterized, the importance of catalytic overlap between them is poorly understood. We developed a detailed kinetic model of the fatty acid synthase (FAS) ofEscherichia coliand paired that model with a fully reconstituted in vitro system to examine the capabilities afforded by functional redundancy in fatty acid synthesis. The model captures—and helps explain—the effects of experimental perturbations to FAS systems and provides a powerful tool for guiding experimental investigations of fatty acid assembly. Compositional analyses carried out in silico and in vitro indicate that FASs with multiple partially redundant enzymes enable tighter (i.e., more independent and/or broader range) control of distinct biochemical objectives—the total production, unsaturated fraction, and average length of fatty acids—than FASs with only a single multifunctional version of each enzyme (i.e., one enzyme with the catalytic capabilities of two partially redundant enzymes). Maximal production of unsaturated fatty acids, for example, requires a second dehydratase that is not essential for their synthesis. This work provides a kinetic, control-theoretic rationale for the inclusion of partially redundant enzymes in fatty acid pathways and supplies a valuable framework for carrying out detailed studies of FAS kinetics.

scholarly journals USP19 deubiquitinating enzyme inhibits muscle cell differentiation by suppressing unfolded-protein response signaling

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 913-923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Wiles ◽  
Miao Miao ◽  
Erin Coyne ◽  
Louise Larose ◽  
Andrey V. Cybulsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Muscle Cell ◽  
Deubiquitinating Enzyme ◽  
Muscle Cell Differentiation ◽  
Unfolded Protein ◽  
The Unfolded Protein Response ◽  
Protein Response

USP19 deubiquitinating enzyme has two isoforms, cytoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localized. The ER-localized isoform specifically suppresses muscle cell differentiation in vitro and appears to do so by inhibiting the unfolded-protein response that occurs during such differentiation. In vivo, loss of USP19 promotes muscle regeneration following injury.

The Effect of Fatty Acids upon Tumor Cell Respiration and Transplantability

1963 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 530-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard J Katchman ◽  
Robert E Zipf ◽  
James P F Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Leukemic Cells ◽  
Endogenous Respiration ◽  
Low Concentrations

Abstract The kinetic effect of palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate upon in vitro endogenous respiration of rat chloromyeloid leukemic cells has been investigated. Inhibition of respiration has been correlated with the ability of fatty acids to cause decreased cell viability and cell count; in the bioassay of fatty acid-treated tumor inocula, the increase in animal life span is correlated to the degree of dilution of the inocula due to cell lysis. The degree of lysis is dependent upon the chemical structure of the fatty acid, concentration, and duration of contact; unsaturated fatty acids are more effective than saturated fatty acids. Tumor cells, when incubated at low concentrations of fatty acids, show stimulation of O2 uptake; however, in the bioassay these fatty acid-treated inocula showed no loss in tumor activity. The nature of the physiochemical interaction between fatty acids and tumor cells is discussed.

scholarly journals Observations on the pattern on biohydrogenation of esterified and unesterified linoleic acid in the rumen

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Noble ◽  
J. H. Moore ◽  
C. G. Harfoot
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Free Acid ◽  
Octadecenoic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Diene ◽  
Plasma Triglycerides ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

1. Studies have been made of the effects of different concentrations of either free or esterified linoleic acid on the biohydrogenation of linoleic acid by rumen micro-organisms in vitro. A comparison has been made with the changes which occurred in the fatty acid compositions of rumen free fatty acids and plasma triglycerides of sheep given intraruminal infusions of linoleic acid or maize oil.2. In the in vitro experiments, with increasing concentrations of 18:2 added as the free fatty acid, a decreasing proportion of this 18:2 was hydrogenated to 18:0 andtrans-11-octadecenoic acid accumulated. The accumulation of large amounts oftrans-11-octadecenoic acid was accompanied in all instances by the accumulation of a conjugated diene identified ascis-9,trans-11-octadecadienoic acid. There appeared to be a product–precursor relationship between the conjugated diene and thetrans-11 monoene.3. When linoleic acid was presented in vitro as the triglyceride, the extent to which hydrogenation occurred was, in all instances, greater than when equivalent amounts of 18:2 were presented as the free acid. Only small amounts of thecis-9,trans-11 diene were detected, and there was no apparent product–precursor relationship between this conjugated diene and the C18monoenoic acids. The C18monoenoic acids that accumulated consisted of bothcisandtransisomers; thecisisomers consisted largely ofcis-9- andcis-11-octadecenoic acids, which together comprised about 30% of the C18monoenoic acids present.4. The infusion of free linoleic acid into the rumen of sheep resulted in an increase in the proportion of total 18:1 and a decrease in the proportions of 16:0 and 18:0 in the total rumen free fatty acids. This increase which occurred in the concentration of 18:1 consisted predominantly of thetrans-11 isomer. A concomitant increase in the concentration of the C18trans-11 acid was observed to occur in the fatty acids of the plasma triglycerides. Infusion of maize oil into the rumen of sheep resulted in little change in the fatty acid compositions of either the free fatty acids in the rumen or the triglycerides of the plasma.5. The findings in vitro and in vivo are discussed with reference to each other and with reference to the possibility that biohydrogenation of 18:2 derived from the triglyceride proceeds by a different pathway from that of 18:2 presented as the free acid.

scholarly journals UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN THE DIETARY DESTRUCTION OF N,N-DIMETHYLAMINOAZOBENZENE (BUTTER YELLOW) AND IN THE PRODUCTION OF ANEMIA IN RATS

1942 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 413-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul György ◽  
Rudolph Tomarelli ◽  
Robert P. Ostergard ◽  
J. B. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Destructive Effect ◽  
Butter Fat ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Secondary Type ◽  
Progressive Anemia

Crude linoleic acid incorporated with or without butter yellow in a synthetic diet proved to be toxic for rats. The toxic effect manifested itself in loss of weight, progressive anemia of the secondary type, leucopenia, and pediculosis. It could be neutralized preventively and therapeutically by administration of yeast. The toxicity of the diet containing linoleic acid appears to be due to oxidative break-down products of the unsaturated fatty acid. The color of the same diet when it contained crude linoleic acid supplemented with butter yellow faded progressively in the presence of air (O2), even at room temperature. Purified preparations of linoleic acid and, to a less degree, purified preparations of arachidonic and oleic acids have shown the same destructive effect on butter yellow in vitro. Brown (unpolished) or white rice contains a stabilizer (antioxidant) for the preservation of butter yellow. In experiments on the production of hepatoma in rats following the ingestion of butter yellow, rice on one hand and crisco or butter fat on the other hand have proved to be procarcinogenic. These results would seem to be correlated with the preservation of butter yellow in the diet and in the intestine, because of the antioxidant in rice and the low supply of unsaturated fatty acids,respectively.

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