Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) seed oil: press extraction, optimization, characterization, and oxidative stability

In order to optimize the screw-press extraction conditions of oil from goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) seeds obtained from nectar processing waste, a face centered design was applied. The oil was extracted at different temperatures (60, 80, and 100°C) and seed moisture contents (8, 10, and 12%). Oil recovery (OR) increased and residual oil in the cake decreased significantly as moisture content and temperature were reduced; oil moisture and volatile matter as well as acid value, K232, K268, and p-anisidine, respectively, decreased proportionally with the moisture extraction. Thus, the highest OR (86.4%) and the best quality were obtained at 8% moisture content and 60°C pressing temperature. Under these conditions, the extracted oil presented high linoleic acid (76.0%), iodine value (140.0 mg I2/g), and refractive index (1.4769). The oil stability index, measured by Rancimat, varied from 3.65 h (120°C) to 14.87 h (100°C); the predicted shelf life at 25°C was 120.4 days and the activation energy was 85.6 kJ/mol. The results highlighted that screw-pressing of goldenberry seeds provides quality oil without employing polluting and hazardous solvents.

FADS1 rs174550 genotype and high linoleic acid diet modify plasma PUFA phospholipids in a dietary intervention study

Introduction Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) gene encodes for delta-5 desaturase enzyme which is needed in conversion of linoleic acid (LA) to arachidonic acid (AA). Recent studies have shown that response to dietary PUFAs differs between the genotypes in circulating fatty acids. However, interactions between the FADS1 genotype and dietary LA on overall metabolism have not been studied. Objectives We aimed to examine the interactions of FADS1 rs174550 genotypes (TT and CC) and high-LA diet to identify plasma metabolites that respond differentially to dietary LA according to the FADS1 genotype. Methods A total of 59 men (TT n = 26, CC n = 33) consumed a sunflower oil supplemented diet for 4 weeks. Daily dose of 30, 40, or 50 ml was calculated based on body mass index. It resulted in 17–28 g of LA on top of the usual daily intake. Fasting plasma samples at the beginning and at the end of the intervention were analyzed with LC–MS/MS non-targeted metabolomics method. Results At the baseline, the carriers of FADS1 rs174550-TT genotype had higher abundance of long-chain PUFA phospholipids compared to the FADS1 rs174550-CC one. In response to the high-LA diet, LA phospholipids and long-chain acylcarnitines increased and lysophospholipids decreased in fasting plasma similarly in both genotypes. LysoPE (20:4), LysoPC (20:4), and PC (16:0_20:4) decreased and cortisol increased in the carriers of rs174550-CC genotype; however, these genotype–diet interactions were not significant after correction for multiple testing. Conclusion Our findings show that both FADS1 rs174550 genotype and high-LA diet modify plasma phospholipid composition. Trial registration The study was registered to ClinicalTrials: NCT02543216, September 7, 2015 (retrospectively registered).

Sex-Specific Differences in Lysine, 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid and Acetic Acid in Offspring Exposed to Maternal and Postnatal High Linoleic Acid Diet, Independent of Diet

Background: Linoleic acid (LA) is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is required for foetal growth and development. Excess intake of LA can be detrimental for metabolic health due to its pro-inflammatory properties; however, the effect of a diet high in LA on offspring metabolites is unknown. In this study, we aimed to determine the role of maternal or postnatal high linoleic acid (HLA) diet on plasma metabolites in adult offspring. Methods: Female Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed with either low LA (LLA) or HLA diet for 10 weeks prior to conception and during gestation/lactation. Offspring were weaned at postnatal day 25 (PN25), treated with either LLA or HLA diets and sacrificed at PN180. Metabolite analysis was performed in plasma samples using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Results: Maternal and postnatal HLA diet did not alter plasma metabolites in male and female adult offspring. There was no specific clustering among different treatment groups as demonstrated by principal component analysis. Interestingly, there was clustering among male and female offspring independent of maternal and postnatal dietary intervention. Lysine was higher in female offspring, while 3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetic acid were significantly higher in male offspring. Conclusion: In summary, maternal or postnatal HLA diet did not alter the plasma metabolites in the adult rat offspring; however, differences in metabolites between male and female offspring occurred independently of dietary intervention.

Effect of Sulphur Levels on Growth, Yield Parameters, Yield, Nutrient Uptake, Quality and Economics of Sunflower: A Review

Sunflower is an important crop cultivated all over world owing to its versatile nature of adaptation to different agro-climatic and soil conditions. In India sunflower gains momentum as an edible oil and ranks fourth substantially by reducing the shortage of vegetable oil. Nutritionally sunflower oil benefits human due to presence of high linoleic acid content and absence of linolenic acid content. The productivity is lower due to different factors among which nutrient management especially sulphur that plays pivot role in governing the growth, yield and quality of sunflower. Sulphur contains aminoacids viz., cystein, methionine, cystine, vitamins B, biotin and thiamine. The protolytic enzymes aids in improving the oil content, protein content and quality of seeds by sulphur supplement. Extensive investigations of research scientist on sulphur levels were critically reviewed. Application of sulphur at 40 to 60 kg ha-1 was found to increase the growth and yield attributes, yield, quality as well as higher benefit cost ratio sustaining the livelihood of sunflower growers.

Evaluation of green microalgae isolated from central and north coast of Sao Paulo as source of oil

Microalgae strains, newly isolated from freshwater in mangrove areas of Central and North Coasts of Sao Paulo State (Brazil), were evaluated regarding total protein and lipid content, and fatty acids profile. The biochemical composition was compared with that observed in strains obtained by UTEX Culture Collection (USA). Among seven identified green algae, Monoraphidium contortum (CCMA-UFSCar-701) presented the highest lipid content (43.60%), close to that observed in Botryococcus braunii (UTEX-2441; 48.85%). Protein content in isolated strains varied in the range of 13.90~23.60%. Finally, the most abundant fatty acids were palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and y-linolenic acid (C18:3).Chlorella vulgaris (CCMA- UFSCar-704) may be highlighted for its high linoleic acid content (49%). On the other hand, Elakatothrix sp (CCMA- UFSCar-702) and Scenedesmus obliquus (UTEX-B2630) presented the highest content of oleic acid (41% and 43%, respectively), which is preferable for oils to be used as feedstock for biodiesel.

Maternal and Postnatal High Linoleic Acid Diet Impacts Lipid Metabolism in Adult Rat Offspring in a Sex-Specific Manner

Linoleic acid (LA), an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), is essential for fetal growth and development. We aimed to investigate the effect of maternal and postnatal high LA (HLA) diet on plasma FA composition, plasma and hepatic lipids and genes involved in lipid metabolism in the liver of adult offspring. Female rats were fed with low LA (LLA; 1.44% LA) or HLA (6.21% LA) diets for 10 weeks before pregnancy, and during gestation/lactation. Offspring were weaned at postnatal day 25 (PN25), fed either LLA or HLA diets and sacrificed at PN180. Postnatal HLA diet decreased circulating total n-3 PUFA and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), while increased total n-6 PUFA, LA and arachidonic acid (AA) in both male and female offspring. Maternal HLA diet increased circulating leptin in female offspring, but not in males. Maternal HLA diet decreased circulating adiponectin in males. Postnatal HLA diet significantly decreased aspartate transaminase (AST) in females and downregulated total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in the plasma of males. Maternal HLA diet downregulated the hepatic mRNA expression of Hmgcr in both male and female offspring and decreased the hepatic mRNA expression of Cpt1a and Acox1 in females. Both maternal and postnatal HLA diet decreased hepatic mRNA expression of Cyp27a1 in females. Postnatal diet significantly altered circulating fatty acid concentrations, with sex-specific differences in genes that control lipid metabolism in the adult offspring following exposure to high LA diet in utero.

The Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Olive (Olea europaea L.) Fruit Mesocarp Is Mainly Controlled by OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 Genes Together With the Different Specificity of Extraplastidial Acyltransferase Enzymes

Fatty acid composition of olive oil has an important effect on the oil quality to such an extent that oils with a high oleic and low linoleic acid contents are preferable from a nutritional and technological point of view. In the present work, we have first studied the diversity of the fatty acid composition in a set of eighty-nine olive cultivars from the Worldwide Olive Germplasm Bank of IFAPA Cordoba (WOGBC-IFAPA), and in a core collection (Core-36), which includes 28 olive cultivars from the previously mentioned set. Our results indicate that oleic and linoleic acid contents displayed the highest degree of variability of the different fatty acids present in the olive oil of the 89 cultivars under study. In addition, the independent study of the Core-36 revealed two olive cultivars, Klon-14 and Abou Kanani, with extremely low and high linoleic acid contents, respectively. Subsequently, these two cultivars were used to investigate the specific contribution of different fatty acid desaturases to the linoleic acid content of mesocarp tissue during olive fruit development and ripening. Fatty acid desaturase gene expression levels, together with lipid analysis, suggest that not only OeFAD2-2 and OeFAD2-5 but also the different specificities of extraplastidial acyltransferase enzymes are responsible for the variability of the oleic/linoleic acid ratio in olive cultivars. All this information allows for an advancement in the knowledge of the linoleic acid biosynthesis in different olive cultivars, which can impact olive breeding programs to improve olive oil quality.

Variation in fatty acid content and composition among Iranian fennel landraces

One of the factors determining drug quality in bitter fennel is the types and quantities of fatty acids stored in the seeds. We measured the fatty acid content of 50 Iranian fennel landraces. Fatty acid concentration of the 50 fennel landraces ranged from 9.5 to 23% of seed mass, and the highest amounts of fatty acid content among the early maturing races belonged to Hamedan and Arak (19.5 and 18.5%, respectively), among the medium maturing races to Marvdasht, Kohn and Meshkin Shahr (23, 20.5 and 19%, respectively), and among the late-maturing races to Sari (21%). The highest fatty acid yields belonged to Fasa (65.3 ml/m2) among the early maturing races, Meshkin Shahr and Moqhan (92.5 and 85.4 ml/m2) among the medium maturing races, and Sari (71.4 ml/m2) among the late-maturing races. The main compositions of fatty acids, measured in twelve of the landraces, were oleic acid (52-64%), linoleic acid (26-39%), palmitic acid (0.3-4.1%), stearic acid (1.3-2.4%), linolenic acid (0.6-3.6%) and myristic acid (0.35-1.07%). It was observed that landraces with high oleic acid content originated from regions with a dry and warm climate, while landraces with high linoleic acid content originated from regions with a humid and cool climate. Understanding relationships between the fatty acid profile and landrace origin climate may improve the efficiency of identifying landraces with specific fennel chemotypes. In conclusion, these results indicate that some of these fennel landraces have the potential to be complementary sources of certain fatty acids, such as oleic and linoleic acids.

Seed productivity and reproduction features of Schisandra chinensis under conditions of the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden

Data on seed productivity and peculiarities of reproduction of Schisandra chinensis under the conditions of introduction at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NBG) are discussed. The study was carried out in 2016–2018 on experimental fields and in the NBG laboratory using plants and seeds of Ukrainian selection S. chinensis ‘Sadovyi-1’. Sections were examined with the microscope Carl Zeiss STEMI 2000-S. Qualitative and quantitative composition of higher fatty acids has been identified by НР-6890 chromatograph. It was found that S. chinensis of local reproduction have a much lower percentage of the seeds without embryo (about 10 %) compared to those of natural origin (30–90 %). Because of long-term storage of S. chinensis seeds the biochemical transformations take place: the content of fats and proteins decreased from 37.5 to 28.0 %, and from 19.7 to 11.2 %, respectively, the acid number of oil increased from 2.42 to 5.70 mg KOH/g, and its iodine value decreased from 32.5 to 30.3 g І2 / 100 g after storage of seeds during ten months. Fatty oil of S. chinensis seeds has a high linoleic acid content, which reaches 80–81.1 % of the total content of fatty acids. The storage of seeds under different illumination and temperature conditions resulted in minor changes in the acid number of the oil and the quantitative content of fatty acids. The optimal storage conditions of seeds (without access to light and at the temperature of +4 °С) were determined. Such storage conditions reduce the intensity of oxidative processes in the seeds, ensuring the highest germination rate. The optimal ways of S. chinensis reproduction by seeds are the spring sowing of stratified seeds and autumn sowing of freshly reaped seeds, which gain natural stratification. Using these ways resulted in 65 % and 63 % of seeds germination, respectively.