Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Fodder Trees ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Important Species

Abstract L. leucocephala is a versatile, fast-growing, nitrogen-fixing tree well suited to management in agroforestry systems. It has been, and still is, the most important species of Leucaena, both in terms of indigenous use of pods for food in Mexico and wider use as an exotic for livestock fodder, green manure, small wood products such as fuelwood and poles, and soil conservation. The value of L. leucocephala lies in its combination of multiple products, exceptional fodder quality, fast growth, and ease of propagation and management by farmers. It is one of the foremost tropical fodder trees, often being described as the 'alfalfa of the tropics' and was one of the first species to be used for the production of green manure in alley farming systems and live-barrier slope stabilization. These uses and benefits, combined with abundantly available seed, led to pantropical promotion and planting of L. leucocephala which was often heralded as a 'miracle tree' by national and international development agencies. With wider planting, a number of important limitations have become apparent including lack of cold and drought tolerance, poor growth on acid soils, heavy pod production resulting in weediness, low wood durability, and susceptibility to an important defoliating insect pest, the psyllid, Heteropsylla cubana. No other factor has halted promotion and use of L. leucocephala, and prompted the search for new genetic diversity and alternatives, with such urgency as the spread of the psyllid. The very extensive literature on L. leucocephala has been the focus of numerous reviews including those by Oakes (1968), Gray (1968), Pound and Martínez-Cairo (1983), National Research Council (1984), Brewbaker (1987), Hocking (1993), Jones et al. (1992, 1997) and Hughes (1998b).

scholarly journals Ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (Lamiaceae): A review

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 547-559
Author(s):  
T.R. Prashith Kekuda ◽  
V.S. Dhanya Shree ◽  
G.K. Saema Noorain ◽  
B.K. Sahana ◽  
H.L. Raghavendra
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Important Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Ethnobotanical Uses ◽  
Clerodendrum Viscosum

Ethnobotany is the scientific study concerned with the study of relationship between plants and man, in particular, how people use their traditional knowledge with respect to utilization of plant resources for their wellbeing. Plants have been extensively used since time immemorial as an indispensible source such as food, fodder, medicine, dyes, flavoring agents and for construction purposes. The genus Clerodendrum is one of the largest plant genera, belongs to the family Lamiaceae and encompasses herbs, shrubs and trees distributed worldwide. Clerodendrum infortunatum L. (synonym Clerodendrum viscosum Vent.) is one among the important species of the genus Clerodendrum. In the present review, we discuss the traditional (ethnobotanical) uses and pharmacological activities displayed by C. infortunatum. An extensive literature survey revealed that various parts of C. infortunatum are used traditionally by various indigenous communities as green salad, as an ingredient in local wine and to treat ailments or disorders such as headache, toothache, rheumatism, swelling, skin diseases, fever, diabetes, malaria, burns, tumor and epilepsy. Literatures revealed various pharmacological properties exhibited by the plant such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, analgesic, wound healing, antivenom, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anthelmintic, insecticidal, thrombolytic and cytotoxic activities.  Keywords: Clerodendrum infortunatum L., Lamiaceae, Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacological activities

Barriers in contractual scope management of international development projects in Afghanistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 1574-1592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmadullah Hilali ◽  
Chotchai Charoenngam ◽  
Ankita Barman
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Site Investigation ◽  
Sustainable Construction ◽  
Army Corps ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Codes Of Practice ◽  
Scope Management

Purpose For construction and management, the existing codes of practice of international organizations such as US Army Corps of Engineers, the Asian Development Bank, the World Bank, the United Nations Office for Project Services, etc., often prove ineffective when applied in post-war countries like Afghanistan. Domestic contractors faced maximum challenges in contractual scope management, which was implemented by such organizations based on their existing codes of practice. The purpose of this paper is to understand these barriers in scope management as faced by the domestic contractors of Afghanistan. Design/methodology/approach The research employs a mixed methodology to cater to its objectives. Face-to-face structured interviews of 14 industry experts and extensive literature review were conducted to identify unique barriers pertaining to Afghanistan construction industry. Further, quantitative assessment of these barriers through the statistical tools of “mean score ranking,” “Kendall’s test” and “independent sample t-test” was carried out to understand the severity of the barriers. Findings In total, 39 unique barriers were identified under the groups of “scope formulation,” “scope completeness,” “scope pricing,” “scope implementation” and “scope change control.” The consequential impacts of these barriers and their existence at different stages of the project were illustrated. The most severe barriers were identified as the “inadequacy of site investigation reports” and the “unavailability of resources in local markets.” Originality/value The understanding of the challenges faced by local stakeholders, as highlighted by this study, can be utilized by these international organizations in their strategy and planning to ensure successful projects while also propagating the adoption of sustainable construction practices.

scholarly journals Contrasting Species Diversity and Values in Home Gardens and Traditional Parkland Agroforestry Systems in Ethiopian Sub-Humid Lowlands

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eguale Tadesse ◽  
Abdu Abdulkedir ◽  
Asia Khamzina ◽  
Yowhan Son ◽  
Florent Noulèkoun
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Mangifera Indica ◽  
Agroforestry Systems ◽  
Home Gardens ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Exotic Tree

Understanding the complex diversity of species and their potential uses in traditional agroforestry systems is crucial for enhancing the productivity of tropical systems and ensuring the sustainability of the natural resource base. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the role of home gardens and parklands, which are prominent tropical agroforestry systems, in the conservation and management of biodiversity. Our study quantified and compared the diversity of woody and herbaceous perennial species and their uses in traditional home gardens and parkland agroforestry systems under a sub-humid climate in western Ethiopia. A sociological survey of 130 household respondents revealed 14 different uses of the species, mostly for shade, fuelwood, food, and as traditional medicine. Vegetation inventory showed that the Fisher’s α diversity index and species richness were significantly higher in home gardens (Fisher’s α = 5.28 ± 0.35) than in parklands (Fisher’s α = 1.62 ± 0.18). Both systems were significantly different in species composition (Sørenson’s similarity coefficient = 35%). The differences occurred primarily because of the high intensity of management and the cultivation of exotic tree species in the home gardens, whereas parklands harbored mostly native flora owing to the deliberate retention and assisted regeneration by farmers. In home gardens, Mangifera indica L. was the most important woody species, followed by Cordia africana Lam. and Coffea arabica L. On the other hand, Syzygium guineense Wall. was the most important species in parklands, followed by C. africana and M. indica. The species diversity of agroforestry practices must be further augmented with both indigenous and useful, non-invasive exotic woody and herbaceous species, particularly in parklands that showed lower than expected species diversity compared to home-gardens.

Managing Disaster-Related Health Risk: A Process for Prevention

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 326-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Keim
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
International Development ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Disaster Response ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
The United States ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Washington Dc

AbstractIn 1994, the first World Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction held in Yokohama, Japan affirmed that “Disaster prevention, mitigation, and preparedness are better than disaster response in achieving the goals and objectives of the decade. Disaster response alone is not sufficient, as it yields only temporary results in a very high cost.” Since then, disaster risk reduction has become the mainstay for international development related to disasters.According to the National Research Council (Washington, DC USA), “Disaster research, which has focused historically on emergency response and recovery, is incomplete without the simultaneous study of the societal hazards and risks associated with disasters, which includes data on the vulnerability of people living in hazard prone areas.” Despite over 25 years of global policy development, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (Washington, DC USA) recently noted that, “while some disaster management and public health preparedness programming may be viewed as tangentially related, a multi-sectoral and inter-disciplinary national platform for coordination and policy guidance on involving disaster risk reduction in the United States does not exist.” Today, one of the world’s “seven targets in seven years” as agreed upon in the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction is to substantially reduce global mortality by 2030. Significant reductions in health risk (including mortality) have historically required a comprehensive approach for disease management that includes both a preventive and a curative approach. Disaster risk management has arisen as a primary means for the world’s populations to address disaster losses, including those related to health. Prevention has been proven as an effective approach for managing health risk. This report describes the role of disease prevention in managing health risk due to disasters.KeimM. Managing disaster-related health risk: a process for prevention. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(3):326-334.

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