scholarly journals Ipomoea indica (ocean blue morning-glory).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Morning Glory ◽  
Riparian Zones ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Editorial Committee ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Flora Of China ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Disturbed Habitats ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Warm Temperate

Abstract Ipomoea indica is a vine that has been widely cultivated as a garden ornamental across tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world (Randall, 2017; USDA-ARS, 2017). It is an aggressive and opportunistic colonizer of open and disturbed habitats that has escaped from cultivation to become widely naturalized in disturbed areas near gardens, coastal areas, forest edges, and along roadsides and waterways. This species spreads by seeds, stolons, and stem fragments and when growing under favourable environmental conditions (e.g., full sun, ample moisture and fertile soil) it can spread very rapidly, smothering all other vegetation growing nearby. Its rapidly growing stolons can form dense mats over the ground, while its climbing habit enables it to compete successfully with trees and shrubs on the edges of forests and along riparian zones. Its twining stems also choke adjacent seedlings and smother young trees and shrubs in the understory (Wagner et al., 1999; Csurches, 2016). Currently, I. indica is listed as invasive in Australia, New Zealand, China, southern Africa, Europe, the West Indies, and on many islands in the Pacific Region (Smith, 2010 BioNET-EAFRINET, 2017; DAISIE, 2017; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2017; GRIIS, 2017; PIER, 2017; Queensland Government, 2017).

scholarly journals Ipomoea nil (white edge morning-glory).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Morning Glory ◽  
Pacific Region ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Ipomoea Nil ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The World ◽  
Warm Temperate

Abstract Ipomoea nil is a climber species that has been widely cultivated as a garden ornamental across tropical, subtropical and warm temperate regions of the world. It is an aggressive and opportunistic colonizer producing stems that either twine into other plants for support or sprawl along the ground. It has escaped from cultivation and become widely naturalized and invasive, primarily in areas near cultivation, disturbed areas and forest edges. Currently, I. nil is listed as invasive in China, India, Philippines, Spain, Galapagos, Cuba, and on several islands in the Pacific Region.

scholarly journals Euphorbia tirucalli (Indian-tree spurge).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Editorial Committee ◽  
Euphorbia Tirucalli ◽  
Succulent Plant ◽  
Flora Of China ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Potted Plant ◽  
Marginal Soil

Abstract E. tirucalli is a many-branched succulent plant widely commercialized as an ornamental, hedge plant, potted plant and for soil conservation (Orwa et al., 2009; USDA-ARS, 2016). It has escaped from cultivation and once naturalized, it often grows forming thickets mostly in disturbed sites, abandoned gardens, deciduous forests, semiarid sites, and along roadsides (Little et al., 1974; PIER, 2016). This species grows very fast, and produces a lot of biomass even under very marginal soil and extreme climatic conditions (Mwine and Damme, 2011). In invaded areas, it is propagating vegetatively by cuttings and stem fragments (Little et al., 1974; PIER, 2016). Currently, this species is listed as invasive in Hawaii and Cuba (Oviedo Prieto et al., 2012; PIER, 2016), but is listed as potentially invasive on many islands in the Pacific and in tropical and subtropical areas of Asia (Nguyen and Sosef, 1999; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2016; PIER, 2016).

Emilia fosbergii (Florida tassel-flower).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Coastal Forests ◽  
Abandoned Farmland ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Annual Herb ◽  
New Habitats

Abstract E. fosbergii is a cosmopolitan annual herb included in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012). It is fast-growing, with the capacity to grow as a weed and colonize disturbed areas, waste ground, gardens, abandoned farmland, coastal forests, forest edges, pastures, roadsides, rocky areas, and riverbanks (Wagner et al., 1999; Vibrans, 2011; Pruski 2014). It produces large amounts of wind-dispersed seeds (>5000 seeds per plant; Mejía et al., 1994) which is a feature facilitating the likelihood of spreading and colonizing new habitats. Currently, E. fosbergii is listed as invasive in Mexico, Central America, West Indies, and on several islands in the Pacific Ocean (see Distribution Table for details).

scholarly journals Cissus quadrangularis (treebine).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Invasive Species ◽  
Native Plants ◽  
Native Vegetation ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Cissus Quadrangularis ◽  
The World ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Warm Temperate ◽  
Insular Ecosystems ◽  
Arid And Semiarid

Abstract Cissus quadrangularis is an aggressive fast-growing vine that has been cultivated primarily as a garden ornamental and medicinal plant. This species escaped from cultivation and can now be found naturalized in dry forests, coastal thickets, forest edges, savannas and scrublands across dry, arid and semiarid habitats in tropical and warm temperate regions of the world. It has become an invasive species with detrimental impacts mostly on insular ecosystems. C. quadrangularis is a vigorous vine that spreads both vertically and horizontally forming dense monospecific stands that outcompete native vegetation. It climbs over trees and shrubs, covering them entirely, blocking light and thus restricting the growth and regeneration of native plants. It may kill or break down trees and shrubs that support it due to its weight. This species is able to inhabit areas subject to water stress and has the potential to spread sexually by seeds and vegetatively by stem fragments.

scholarly journals Senna alata (candle bush).

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanine Vélez-Gavilán
Keyword(s):  
French Polynesia ◽  
Northern Territory ◽  
Risk Assessments ◽  
Small Tree ◽  
Federated States Of Micronesia ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Cultivated Plant ◽  
Environmental Weed ◽  
Senna Alata

Abstract S. alata is a shrub or small tree that is used as an ornamental and a cultivated plant throughout its range (Irwin and Barneby, 1982; PROTA, 2016). The species is reported as escaping from cultivation and becoming a weed in pastures, disturbed areas, orchards, plantations and shrublands (Irwin and Barneby, 1982; ILDIS, 2016). Livestock do not eat it, so the species has the potential to spread rapidly without control (ILDIS, 2016). It is reported as invasive in Asia (Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore), East Africa and Oceania (Australia, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Galapagos Islands, Guam, Hawaii, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa and Tonga) (PIER, 2016). It is regarded as a significant environmental weed in the Northern Territory of Australia (Weeds of Australia, 2016). Risk assessments prepared for both Australia and the Pacific classed it as high risk (PIER, 2016).

Oldenlandia corymbosa (flat-top mille graines).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval
Keyword(s):  
Forest Edges ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
New Habitats

Abstract Oldenlandia corymbosa is a widespread polymorphic weed with a pantropical distribution. It is fast-growing and can rapidly colonize disturbed areas, open sites, gardens, farmlands, forest edges, grasslands, roadsides and riverbanks. O. corymbosa also produces large volumes of tiny seeds that can be easily dispersed by water, animals and vehicles, or as a contaminant in soil and agricultural produce. Its weedy habit, preference for disturbed sites and tiny seeds all facilitate its spread and colonization of new habitats.

Alternanthera sessilis (sessile joyweed).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Floodplain Wetlands ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Ephemeral Pools ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Noxious Weed ◽  
Black Cotton Soils

Abstract A. sessilis is a pioneer species typically growing on disturbed areas and in wetland habitats, and regarded as a fast-growing highly invasive weed. It is adapted to grow on a range of soil types ranging from poor sandy or alkaline soils, to loam or black cotton soils. It is also able to grow in seasonally-waterlogged areas as well as in areas with extreme dry conditions (Holm et al., 1997). A. sessilis can be found invading floodplain wetlands, margins of rivers, streams, canals, ditches, ponds, reservoirs, tanks, marshes, swamps, wet low-lying ground, ephemeral pools, seasonal pans and damp forest. This species is also a weed in fields with sorghum, millet, Eleusine spp., maize, cotton, cassava, cereal crops, pastures, and vegetable farms (Gupta, 2014). Consequently, this species has been listed as invasive in India, South Africa, Namibia, Spain, Hawaii and many other islands in the Pacific Ocean (see distribution table for details). It is also listed as a noxious weed in the United States (USDA-NRCS, 2014).

Cleome rutidosperma (fringed spiderflower).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julissa Rojas-Sandoval ◽  
Pedro Acevedo-Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Editorial Committee ◽  
Flora Of China ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Intensive Cropping ◽  
Stone Walls ◽  
Cleome Rutidosperma ◽  
Abandoned Lands

Abstract C. rutidosperma is a common herb that grows as a weed in disturbed and ruderal habitats, principally in areas with humid and hot environmental conditions. It is often found as a weed of disturbed ground, roadsides, gardens, crops and abandoned lands, and has also been found growing as an epiphyte on trees, stone walls and cliff faces. This species is included in the Global Compendium of Weeds (Randall, 2012) where it is considered to have moderate economic impacts in a wide range of crops, due to its scrambling habit that smothers and stunts young crop plants. C. rutidosperma has been listed as invasive in China, Malaysia, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Australia, and the Domican Republic (Waterhouse and Mitchell, 1998; Kairo et al., 2003; Flora of China Editorial Committee, 2014, USDA-ARS, 2014). This species has had considerable environmental impacts in South East Asia and Australia. C. rutidosperma also has the potential to be moderately problematic in intensive cropping areas, greenhouses and nurseries.

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