scholarly journals Do the changes in energy balance that occur during pregnancy predispose parous women to obesity?

1997 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Harris ◽  
G. T. H. Ellison
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Maternal Body ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Animal Farm

AbstractThe aim of this review was to re-assess whether the changes in energy balance that accompany pregnancy predispose parous women to obesity. A number of cross-sectional studies have sought to answer this question by examining the relationship between parity and maternal body weight. However, these studies were unable to control for the large number of sociobehavioural confounders that might be responsible for the apparent effect of parity on body weight. Longitudinal studies that examine changes in maternal body weight before and after regnancy avoid these problems by using each mother as her own control. Nevertheless, these studies have to overcome three methodological constraints: They must obtain an accurate measure of prepregnant body weight, they must give each mother sufficient time to lose any weight retained following delivery, and they must take into account the effect of ageing on maternal weight gain during pregnancy and the follow-up period. More than 90% of the studies reviewed found body weight to be greater after pregnancy than it was before (by 0.2–10.6kg). and previous researchers who have examined the evidence for pregnancy-related weight gains suggest that body weight increases by an average of 04–4.8kg following pregnancy. However, only three of the 71 longitudinal studies examined in the present review complied with the three methodological criteria. These studies concluded that mothers gain, on average, 0.9–3.3kg more weight following pregnancy than nonpregnant controls, and that mean body weight remained 0.4–3.0kg higher, even after controlling for a number of sociobehavioural confounders. This apparently modest increase in mean maternal body weight for women having one or two children conceals the fact that some mothers experience a substantial increase in body weight and become obese following pregnancy. It remains unclear whether these increases are simply the result of changes in energy metabolism during pregnancy and lactation, or whether they are influenced by inherent changes in lifestyle that accompany pregnancy and motherhood. Understanding the relative importance of these alternatives might help to explain the aetiology of maternal obesity.“Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life, who had never quite got her figure back after her fourth foal”George Well (1945) Animal Farm. London: Secker and Warburg.

scholarly journals Prevalence of low birth weight and its association with maternal body weight status in selected countries in Africa: a cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e020410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhifei He ◽  
Ghose Bishwajit ◽  
Sanni Yaya ◽  
Zhaohui Cheng ◽  
Dongsheng Zou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Maternal Body ◽  
Cross Sectional

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of low birth weight (LBW), and to investigate the association between maternal body weight measured in terms of body mass index (BMI) and birth weight in selected countries in Africa.SettingUrban and rural household in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal and Uganda.ParticipantsMothers (n=11 418) aged between 15 and 49 years with a history of childbirth in the last 5 years.ResultsThe prevalence of LBW in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, Senegal and Uganda was, respectively, 13.4%, 10.2%, 12.1%, 15.7% and 10%. Compared with women who are of normal weight, underweight mothers had a higher likelihood of giving birth to LBW babies in all countries except Ghana. However, the association between maternal BMI and birth weight was found to be statistically significant for Senegal only (OR=1.961 (95% CI 1.259 to 3.055)).ConclusionUnderweight mothers in Senegal share a greater risk of having LBW babies compared with their normal-weight counterparts. Programmes targeting to address infant mortality should focus on promoting nutritional status among women of childbearing age. Longitudinal studies are required to better elucidate the causal nature of the relationship between maternal underweight and LBW.

scholarly journals Maternal Diet-induced Obesity Programs Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Adult Male Mouse Offspring Independent of Current Body Weight

Endocrinology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (10) ◽  
pp. 3970-3980 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather L. Blackmore ◽  
Youguo Niu ◽  
Denise S. Fernandez-Twinn ◽  
Jane L. Tarry-Adkins ◽  
Dino A. Giussani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Cardiac Contraction ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation

Abstract Obese pregnancies are not only associated with adverse consequences for the mother but also the long-term health of her child. Human studies have shown that individuals from obese mothers are at increased risk of premature death from cardiovascular disease (CVD), but are unable to define causality. This study aimed to determine causality using a mouse model of maternal diet–induced obesity. Obesity was induced in female C57BL/6 mice by feeding a diet rich in simple sugars and saturated fat 6 weeks prior to pregnancy and throughout pregnancy and lactation. Control females were fed laboratory chow. Male offspring from both groups were weaned onto chow and studied at 3, 5, 8, and 12 weeks of age for gross cardiac morphometry using stereology, cardiomyocyte cell area by histology, and cardiac fetal gene expression using qRT-PCR. Cardiac function was assessed by isolated Langendorff technology at 12 weeks of age and hearts were analyzed at the protein level for the expression of the β1 adrenergic receptor, muscarinic type-2 acetylcholine receptor, and proteins involved in cardiac contraction. Offspring from obese mothers develop pathologic cardiac hypertrophy associated with re-expression of cardiac fetal genes. By young adulthood these offspring developed severe systolic and diastolic dysfunction and cardiac sympathetic dominance. Importantly, cardiac dysfunction occurred in the absence of any change in corresponding body weight and despite the offspring eating a healthy low-fat diet. These findings provide a causal link to explain human observations relating maternal obesity with premature death from CVD in her offspring.

scholarly journals Association Between Breakfast Skipping and Body Weight – a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Longitudinal Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Wicherski ◽  
Sabrina Schlesinger ◽  
Florian Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breakfast Skipping ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Meta Analyses

Globally, increasing rates of obesity are one of the most important health issues. The association between breakfast skipping and body weight is contradictory between cross-sectional and interventional studies. The systematic review and meta-analyses aim to summarize this association based on observational longitudinal studies. We included prospective studies on breakfast skipping and overweight/obesity or weight change in adults. Literature was searched until September 2020 in PubMed and Web of Science. Summary RRs with a 95% CI were estimated in pairwise meta-analyses by applying a random-effects model. In total, 9 studies were included in the systematic review and 6 of them were included in the meta-analyses. The meta-analysis indicated an 13% increased RR for overweight/obesity when breakfast was skipped on ≥ 3 days per week compared to ≤ 2 days per week (95% CI: 1.06, 1.21, n=3 studies). The meta-analysis on weight change displays a 21% increased RR for weight gain for breakfast skippers compared to breakfast eaters (95% CI: 1.05, 1.40, n=2 studies). The meta-analysis on BMI change displayed no difference between breakfast skipping and eating (RR=1.02, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.05, n=2 studies). This study provides low meta-evidence for an increased risk for overweight/obesity and weight gain for breakfast skipping.

An empirical model for estimating feed allowances for breeding sows

1989 ◽  
Vol 1989 ◽  
pp. 33-33
Author(s):  
C T Whittemore
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Empirical Model ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Maternal Body ◽  
Large White ◽  
Model Components

Provision of nutrient allowances for sows necessitates a view of requirements for growth and reproductive efficacy, and a method to predict response to the nutrients provided. An experiment involving 102 Large White x Landrace sows given a diet of 13.2MJ DE and 162g CP per kg over 4 parities has been used to derive some of the necessary model components. If live weight and fatness at first conception are 125kg and 14mm P2 respectively, and maternal body weight at term parity 4 is 250kg, and when weaning to oestrus interval (days) = 27(±5) - 1.3(±0.4)P2(mm) at weaning: then the equations, change in P2(mm) in 28-day lactation = -0.28(±0.82) - 0.27(±0.03)P2 at parturition +0.037(±0.003) lactation feed intake - 0.50(±0.06) number of piglets at weaning, and change in maternal live weight (kg) in 28-day lactation = -3.8(±4.6) - 0.15(±0.02) maternal weight at parturition + 0.36 (±0.02) lactation feed intake - 3.3(±0.3) number of piglets at weaning, can be used to predict fat and live weight changes in lactation.

scholarly journals Biometry by ultrasonography of the epaxial and pelvic musculature in equines trained with Pessoa's rein

2014 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 2045-2051
Author(s):  
Kátia de Oliveira ◽  
Ricardo Velludo Gomes de Soutello ◽  
Ricardo da Fonseca ◽  
Andréa Machado Lopes ◽  
Paulo César da Silva Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Gluteus Medius ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Longissimus Dorsi ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Quarter Horse ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Muscular Function

This study aimed to evaluate the use of Pessoa's rein in training equine, as a support in exercise training, on biometry by ultrasonography of the epaxial (Longíssimus Dorsi, Gluteus Medius e Musculus Multifidus) and pelvic musculature (Biceps Femoris e Semitendinosus). Thereby, eight Quarter Horse mares was used, with eight years on average age, 400kg of body weight, trained with the Pessoa's rein twice a week, for two months. Variables were measured before and after training, consisting of assessment thickness (cm) of the Longíssimus Dorsi and cross-sectional area (cm2) of muscles, Gluteus Medius, Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus and Musculus Multifidus. It observed a significant effect of training with Pessoa's rein, on the Biceps Femoris (P<0.01) and Musculus Multifidus (P<0.01), which the average cross-sectional area at the final evaluation were of 28.66cm2 and 14.29cm2, respectively. Thus it can be conclude that training with Pessoa's rein modifies muscular function, promoting hypertrophy Musculus Multifidus and Biceps Femoris of horses

scholarly journals Association between Breakfast Skipping and Body Weight—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Longitudinal Studies

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 272
Author(s):  
Julia Wicherski ◽  
Sabrina Schlesinger ◽  
Florian Fischer
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Longitudinal Studies ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breakfast Skipping ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Meta Analyses

Globally, increasing rates of obesity are one of the most important health issues. The association between breakfast skipping and body weight is contradictory between cross-sectional and interventional studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to summarize this association based on observational longitudinal studies. We included prospective studies on breakfast skipping and overweight/obesity or weight change in adults. The literature was searched until September 2020 in PubMed and Web of Science. Summary risk ratios (RRs) or β coefficients with a 95% confidence interval (CI), respectively, were estimated in pairwise meta-analyses by applying a random-effects model. In total, nine studies were included in the systematic review and three of them were included in the meta-analyses. The meta-analyses indicated an 11% increased RR for overweight/obesity when breakfast was skipped on ≥3 days per week compared to ≤2 days per week (95% CI: 1.04, 1.19, n = two studies). The meta-analysis on body mass index (BMI) change displayed no difference between breakfast skipping and eating (β = −0.02; 95% CI: −0.05, 0.01; n = two studies). This study provides minimal evidence that breakfast skipping might lead to weight gain and the onset of overweight and obesity.

scholarly journals MATERNAL WEIGHT;

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (02) ◽  
pp. 263-266
Author(s):  
Sana Zahiruddin ◽  
Pushpa Chetan Malhi ◽  
Nigar Jabeen ◽  
Raheela Baloch
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Delivery ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Vaginal Birth ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
P Value ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results

Impact of maternal weight on success of VBAC. Introduction: WorldwideCesarean section is the commonest obstetrical procedure to be performed and same situationis in Pakistan. One strategy is to offer vaginal birth after cesarean section to reduce the alarmingcesarean rate. Many factors have been Identified which can affect success of trial of labor.Maternal weight has an important relation with the reproductive health of women, as obesityduring pregnancy is associated with increased maternal and fetal risk. Maternal obesity hasbeen shown to be associated with increased rates of primary cesarean delivery and failed trialof vaginal birth after cesarean delivery. Objectives: To determine the effect of maternal weighton success of VBAC. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Period: May 2012 to October 2013.Setting: Liaquat university hospital, Hyderabad. Material and Methods: a total of 96 womenwhich fulfilled the selection criteria were included in the study. Results: The women included inthe study had a mean age of SD (range), 29.94+ 4.41 (20-40 years) successful vaginal birthswas observed in 57(59.4%) women and 39(40.6%) had an emergency repeat cesarean delivery.Body mass index was noted among all the women, 23(24.0%) were obese and 73 (76.0%)were non-obese. Out of 23(24.0), 7(30.4%) had successful VBAC and 16(69.6%) women hadsuccessful trial of labor and 23(31.5%) delivered by repeat Caesarean delivery. (P.0.002) P value= 0.001 is statistically significant and calculated by Fisher’s exact X2 test. Conclusions: Obesityis associated with decreased chances of successful VBAC, making it a risky option for obesewomen.

scholarly journals Hubungan Antara Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Hormonal Suntik DMPA dengan Peningkatan Berat Badan di Puskesmas Lapai Kota Padang

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dhania Pratiwi ◽  
Syahredi Syahredi ◽  
Erkadius Erkadius
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptive ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Contraceptive Usage ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

AbstrakKontrasepsi hormonal suntik Depo-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) merupakan salah satu metode kontrasepsi yang banyak digunakan. Kontrasepsi ini memiliki efektivitas yang baik, tetapi memiliki beberapa efek samping. Efek samping tersebut adalah gangguan haid berupa amenorea, bercak perdarahan dan perdarahan di luar siklus haid. Selain itu terdapat adanya peningkatan berat badan pada penggunaan kontrasepsi DMPA. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal suntik DMPA dengan peningkatan berat badan. Penelitian dilakukan di Puskesmas Lapai Kota Padang, pada bulan Mei sampai Desember 2013. Jenis penelitian adalah analitik observasional dengan rancangan cross sectional. Sampel adalah akseptor yang telah menggunakan kontrasepsi DMPA minimal delapan kali, dengan jumlah 40 akseptor. Analisis data dilakukan secara bivariat dengan menggunakan uji T. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 23 akseptor (57.50%) mengalami peningkatan berat badan. Sebagian besar rata-rata peningkatan berat badan dalam satu tahun adalah >0 – 1 kg (47.8% akseptor). Rata-rata berat badan sebelum dan setelah penggunaan kontrasepsi DMPA adalah 54.4 kg dan 58.1 kg. Terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara penggunaan kontrasepsi hormonal suntik DMPA dengan peningkatan berat badan (p=0.000 < 0.05).Kata kunci: berat badan, DMPA, kontrasepsiAbstractInjectable hormonal contraceptive Depo-Medroxyprogesterone Acetate (DMPA) is a widely used method of contraception. Contraception has good effecacy, but it has some side effects. Those side effects were menstrual disorders such as amenorrhea, patchy hemorrhage, and bleeding outside the menstrual cycle. In addition, there is increased body weight in DMPA contraceptive usage. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the use of injectable hormonal contraceptive DMPA with weight gain. The study was conducted in Lapai Health Center of Padang, during May to December, 2013. This research used an observational analytic, cross sectional design. The sample was the acceptors who had used DMPA contraception at least eight times, comprising 40 acceptors. Bivariate data were analyzed using T test. The results showed 23 acceptors (57.50%) experienced increase in body weight. Most of the average weight gain in one year is >0 – 1 kg (47.8% acceptor). Average body weight before and after usage of DMPA contraception is 54.4 kg and 58.1 kg. There is a relationship between the use of injectable hormonal contraceptive DMPA with weight gain (p=0.000 > 0.05).Keywords: weight loss, DMPA, contraception

Impact of Leuconostoc SD23 intake in obese pregnant rats: benefits for maternal metabolism

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana C. Castro-Rodríguez ◽  
Gimena Juárez-Pilares ◽  
Luz Cano-Cano ◽  
Mariana Pérez-Sánchez ◽  
Carlos A. Ibáñez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Maternal Weight ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Control Female ◽  
Maternal Metabolism ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
The Impact

AbstractMaternal obesity (MO) during pregnancy and lactation leads to maternal and offspring metabolic dysfunction. Recent research has suggested that probiotics might be a novel approach to counteract these unwanted MO effects. The aim of this research was to analyze the impact of Leuconostoc SD23, a probiotic isolated from aguamiel (traditional Mexican drink), on MO metabolism in rats at the end of lactation (21 days). From weaning through lactation, control female Wistar rats (C) ate chow (5% fat) or high-energy obesogenic diet (MO; 25% fat). Half the C and MO mothers received a daily dose (1 × 1010 CFU/ml) of probiotic orally, control with probiotic (CP) and MO with probiotic (MOP), 1 month before mating and through pregnancy and lactation. Histological analyses of the liver, white adipose tissue and small intestine, body composition, glucose, insulin, triglycerides, and leptin were determined in mothers at the end of lactation. Maternal weight during pregnancy was greater in MO than C mothers, but similar at the end of lactation. Probiotic intervention had no effect on maternal weight. However, at the end of lactation, percentage of body fat was higher in MO than C, CP, and MOP. Serum glucose, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and triglycerides were higher in MO versus C, CP, and MOP. MO small intestine villus height was higher versus MOP, C, and CP. Leuconostoc SD23 did not present adverse effects in C. Conclusions: maternal administration of Leuconostoc SD23 has beneficial effects on maternal metabolism, which holds possibilities for preventing adverse offspring metabolic programming.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document