scholarly journals Responding to the crisis in sub-Saharan Africa: the role of nutrition

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickey Chopra ◽  
Ian Darnton-Hill
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Target Date ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Child Health

AbstractIn the chapter dealing with education and health, the report of the influential Commission for Africa prioritises basic health systems, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. In contrast, nutrition is given less than half a page and is reduced to parasite control and micronutrient support. Such neglect of nutrition is hard to understand in the context of increasing hunger and malnutrition across the continent. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world where the proportion of underweight children has stagnated and the absolute numbers have actually increased in the last decade. It has been pointed out that if current trends continue sub-Saharan Africa will achieve the Millennium Development Goal for child mortality around 2115 – one century after the target date. Quite clearly those concerned with nutrition need to more powerfully advocate the role of nutrition in lifting Africa out of the spiral of poverty. The present paper argues that to achieve this requires an understanding not just of the critical role of nutrition for health and development (both individual and national), but also of how recent global changes are interacting with changes in food production and supply, other determinants of maternal and child health, and the role and capacity of the state to tackle malnutrition in Africa. It concludes by suggesting some responses that nutritionists could now be making.

scholarly journals Inter-relationships among key reproductive health indicators in sub-Saharan Africa focusing on the central role of maternal literacy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulu Abraha Woldegiorgis ◽  
Denny Meyer ◽  
Janet E Hiller ◽  
Wubegzier Mekonnen ◽  
Jahar Bhowmik
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Women's Literacy ◽  
Standardized Effect Sizes ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Indicators of reproductive health (RH) are expected to be both inter-related and associated with key social determinants. As the provision of RH services is usually integrated, the effort to improve one RH component should influence the other components. However, there is a lack of evidence-based models demonstrating the inter-relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-relationships among key RH indicators and their relationship with women’s literacy in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods Data were sourced from the most recent demographic and health survey conducted between 2010 and 2016 in 391 provinces of 29 SSA countries. We examined seven RH indicators along with women’s literacy. The unit of analysis was at the provincial level. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the strength of relationships among these indicators and with women’s literacy, using the total standardized effect sizes. Significance tests and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for these effects were calculated using a bias-corrected bootstrap method. Results RH indicators are strongly interrelated and are associated with women’s literacy. The strongest relationship is observed between women’s literacy rate and the contraception prevalence rate, with a total standardized effect size of 0.79 (95% CI 0.74–0.83). The model of inter-relationships developed in this study may guide the design, implementation and evaluation of RH policies and programmes. Conclusions The key challenge in reducing fertility in SSA is to reduce people fertility desire. This could mainly be addressed by enhancing integrated approaches especially between the education and health sectors.

scholarly journals Securing the critical role of groundwater for the resilient water-supply of urban Africa

Water Policy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Foster ◽  
Michael Eichholz ◽  
Bertil Nlend ◽  
Julia Gathu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
Resource Sustainability ◽  
Key Policy ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract The provision of secure water-supplies for the rapidly expanding cities of sub-Saharan Africa experiencing climate-change stress will be one of the great infrastructure and environmental challenges of the next 20–50 years. Most African cities are blessed with usable groundwater, and some with the presence of major aquifers, but urban water utilities will need to take a more proactive approach to groundwater resource management and quality protection if the opportunity of a secure water supply is to be sustainably secured. Among the key policy issues that need more attention are rationalising utility groundwater use, prioritising installation of mains sewerage to reduce groundwater pollution risk, promoting enhanced groundwater recharge to improve resource sustainability, using groundwater in ‘decentralised closed-loop water-service systems’ to meet the demands of new outer urban districts, and implementing a consistent policy response to the ‘boom’ in private self-supply from waterwells. The consequences of non-action in terms of much increased exposure to water-supply crises, potentially hazardous water-supply pollution incidents, and irrational public and private investment in water-supply access are highlighted.

scholarly journals Does the Leader's Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAPHAËL FRANCK ◽  
ILIA RAINER
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data

In this article we reassess the role of ethnic favoritism in sub-Saharan Africa. Using data from 18 African countries, we study how the primary education and infant mortality of ethnic groups were affected by changes in the ethnicity of the countries’ leaders during the last 50 years. Our results indicate that the effects of ethnic favoritism are large and widespread, thus providing support for ethnicity-based explanations of Africa's underdevelopment. We also conduct a cross-country analysis of ethnic favoritism in Africa. We find that ethnic favoritism is less prevalent in countries with one dominant religion. In addition, our evidence suggests that stronger fiscal capacity may have enabled African leaders to provide more ethnic favors in education but not in infant mortality. Finally, political factors, linguistic differences, and patterns of ethnic segregation are found to be poor predictors of ethnic favoritism.

Constraints to using livestock to meet dietary needs in developing countries: role of vaccines.

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (058) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia L. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Selective Breeding ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Animal Source Foods ◽  
Animal Source ◽  
Climate Stress ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Animal agriculture and animal-source foods (ASF) play a critical role in food security, childhood nutrient sufficiency, and economic development in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we consider constraints to production of ASF in Africa with a focus on infectious animal diseases and climate stress and their control, by vaccines and selective breeding, respectively. This is not a meta-analysis but rather is meant to act as an overview or primer for discussing the value of livestock in developing countries, constraints to this, possible solutions, and finally some roadblocks to accomplishing this. The material provided is based on our own knowledge gained through careers in this field as well as discussions with colleagues.

Antipoverty transfers and zero extreme poverty targets

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armando Barrientos
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Extreme Poverty ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Zero Current ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sub Saharan

This chapter examines how anti-poverty transfer programmes can drive global extreme poverty to zero. Current trends indicate that global poverty is a crucial issue not only in poor countries but also in low- and middle-income countries. Indeed, the majority of people in extreme poverty today live in middle-income countries and are likely to concentrate in sub-Saharan Africa. In order to reduce extreme poverty worldwide to zero, there is a need to pay special attention to policies facilitating the social and economic inclusion of groups in extreme poverty. The chapter first considers the interrelationships between antipoverty transfers, inclusion of disadvantaged groups, and human development before discussing the outcomes of existing antipoverty transfer programmes. It also highlights the main policy lessons and concludes with an analysis of the role of international aid in anti-poverty transfer programmes.

scholarly journals Lipophilic Guanylhydrazone Analogues as Promising Trypanocidal Agents: An Extended SAR Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 838-866
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Pardali ◽  
Erofili Giannakopoulou ◽  
Dimitrios-Ilias Balourdas ◽  
Vassilios Myrianthopoulos ◽  
Martin C. Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adamantane Derivative ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sar Study ◽  
Sar Analysis

In this report, we extend the SAR analysis of a number of lipophilic guanylhydrazone analogues with respect to in vitro growth inhibition of Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi. Sleeping sickness and Chagas disease, caused by the tropical parasites T. brucei and T. cruzi, constitute a significant socioeconomic burden in low-income countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America, respectively. Drug development is underfunded. Moreover, current treatments are outdated and difficult to administer, while drug resistance is an emerging concern. The synthesis of adamantane-based compounds that have potential as antitrypanosomal agents is extensively reviewed. The critical role of the adamantane ring was further investigated by synthesizing and testing a number of novel lipophilic guanylhydrazones. The introduction of hydrophobic bulky substituents onto the adamantane ring generated the most active analogues, illustrating the synergistic effect of the lipophilic character of the C1 side chain and guanylhydrazone moiety on trypanocidal activity. The n-decyl C1-substituted compound G8 proved to be the most potent adamantane derivative against T. brucei with activity in the nanomolar range (EC50=90 nM). Molecular simulations were also performed to better understand the structure-activity relationships between the studied guanylhydrazone analogues and their potential enzyme target.

scholarly journals Grandmother Coresidence, Maternal Orphans, and School Enrollment in Sub-Saharan Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin M. Parker ◽  
Susan E. Short
Keyword(s):  
Child Outcomes ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Child Schooling ◽  
Aids Pandemic ◽  
Health Survey Data ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Relationship

The HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa has brought renewed attention to the role of grandmothers as caregivers of children. Using 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey data, the authors examine the relationship between coresidence with a grandmother and child schooling in Lesotho, a country with one of the highest rates of HIV infection. Results confirm the critical role grandmothers play in the event of maternal death. Maternal orphans who live with a grandmother are just as likely to be in school as children living with a mother. The protective effect of living with a grandmother is also important for children whose mothers are alive but not affiliated with their households. The results of the analysis underscore the importance of attending to the simultaneous presence of mothers and grandmothers, as well as the circumstances associated with mother absence, when assessing the relationship between grandmother coresidence and child outcomes.

The Role of Law in Addressing Poverty and Inequality in High Income Countries: A Comparative View of Menstrual Hygiene Management and Its Impact on Education and Health in the UK and Select High Income Sub-Saharan African Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bakibinga ◽  
Nightingale Rukuba-Ngaiza
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
High Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Agenda 2030 on sustainable development promotes a holistic approach to development and emphasizes the need to leave no one behind. Regarding the rule of law, sustainable development goal (SDG) 16.3 focuses on (promoting the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all by 2030) and the related goals and targets on justice. Changing economic conditions in recent decades have caused stagnating wages and widening economic gaps among individual citizens and regions within developed countries and this is reflected in pockets of poverty and inequality in high income countries and islands of excess wealth in developing or low-income countries, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper examines the legal aspects of poverty and inequality in the education and health sectors in select high-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and a Western industrialized country such as the UK, with emphasis on period poverty or poor menstrual health management (MHM) as a barrier to access to education and health due to inability to afford sanitary products. The analytical paper applies the institutionalist legislative theory and methodology (ILTAM) and the general theory of law and development, examines the role of the state in regulating the health and education sectors and concludes with key findings and recommendations on how the institutional and legal frameworks can be utilized to foster sustainable development in high-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Education and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Johanson ◽  
Angel Mattimore ◽  
Arvil Van Adams ◽  
Anwar Bach-Baouab ◽  
Rosemary Bellew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Sub Saharan
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