scholarly journals Inter-relationships among key reproductive health indicators in sub-Saharan Africa focusing on the central role of maternal literacy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulu Abraha Woldegiorgis ◽  
Denny Meyer ◽  
Janet E Hiller ◽  
Wubegzier Mekonnen ◽  
Jahar Bhowmik
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Bootstrap Method ◽  
Health Indicators ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Women's Literacy ◽  
Standardized Effect Sizes ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Indicators of reproductive health (RH) are expected to be both inter-related and associated with key social determinants. As the provision of RH services is usually integrated, the effort to improve one RH component should influence the other components. However, there is a lack of evidence-based models demonstrating the inter-relationships. The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-relationships among key RH indicators and their relationship with women’s literacy in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Methods Data were sourced from the most recent demographic and health survey conducted between 2010 and 2016 in 391 provinces of 29 SSA countries. We examined seven RH indicators along with women’s literacy. The unit of analysis was at the provincial level. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the strength of relationships among these indicators and with women’s literacy, using the total standardized effect sizes. Significance tests and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for these effects were calculated using a bias-corrected bootstrap method. Results RH indicators are strongly interrelated and are associated with women’s literacy. The strongest relationship is observed between women’s literacy rate and the contraception prevalence rate, with a total standardized effect size of 0.79 (95% CI 0.74–0.83). The model of inter-relationships developed in this study may guide the design, implementation and evaluation of RH policies and programmes. Conclusions The key challenge in reducing fertility in SSA is to reduce people fertility desire. This could mainly be addressed by enhancing integrated approaches especially between the education and health sectors.

scholarly journals Interrelationships among key Reproductive Health indicators in Sub-Saharan Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mulu Abraha Woldegiorgis ◽  
Denny Meyer ◽  
Janet E. Hiller ◽  
Wubegzier Mekonnen ◽  
Jahar Bhowmik
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Social Determinants ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Birth Interval ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Literacy Rate ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
Women's Literacy ◽  
Ideal Number ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractIntroductionIndicators of reproductive health (RH) services, outputs, outcomes and impacts are expected to be related with each other and with key social determinants. As the provision of RH services is usually integrated, the effort expended to improve one component is also expected to affect the other components. There is a lack of evidence-based models demonstrating the interrelationships among these indicators and between RH indicators and social determinants.ObjectiveTo examine interrelationships among key RH indicators and their relationship with key social determinants in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).MethodThis study used data from the most recent demographic and health survey conducted during the period from 2010 to 2016 in 391 provinces of 29 SSA countries. We focused on seven RH indicator — antenatal care, skilled birth attendance, postnatal care, contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR), ideal number of children, birth interval and total fertility rate (TFR), along with selected socio-demographic indicators. The unit of analysis was sub-national, at provincial level. Structural equation modelling was used to examine the strength of interrelationships among the indicators based on the total standardized effect sizes. Significance tests and 95% confidence intervals for the total effects were presented using a bias-corrected bootstrap method.ResultsWomen’s literacy rate, at the centre of the model, has direct connections with all the RH indicators included in the final model. The strongest relationship was observed between women’s literacy rate and CPR with a total standardized (std.) effect size of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.83). RH indicators are interrelated directly and/or indirectly. A strong direct effect was also observed in the relationship between CPR and birth interval (β=0.63, 95%: 0.50, 0.77) and the model suggests that the reported ideal number of children is a key predictor of birth interval (Std. effect size=-0.58, 95% CI: -0.69, -0.48) and TFR (Std. effect size=0.52, 95% CI: 0.38, 0.62).ConclusionRH indicators are strongly interrelated and are all associated with women’s literacy. The model of interrelationships developed in this study may guide the design, implementation and evaluation of RH policies and programs.

scholarly journals Does the Leader's Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 294-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAPHAËL FRANCK ◽  
ILIA RAINER
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Political Factors ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Country Analysis ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Using Data

In this article we reassess the role of ethnic favoritism in sub-Saharan Africa. Using data from 18 African countries, we study how the primary education and infant mortality of ethnic groups were affected by changes in the ethnicity of the countries’ leaders during the last 50 years. Our results indicate that the effects of ethnic favoritism are large and widespread, thus providing support for ethnicity-based explanations of Africa's underdevelopment. We also conduct a cross-country analysis of ethnic favoritism in Africa. We find that ethnic favoritism is less prevalent in countries with one dominant religion. In addition, our evidence suggests that stronger fiscal capacity may have enabled African leaders to provide more ethnic favors in education but not in infant mortality. Finally, political factors, linguistic differences, and patterns of ethnic segregation are found to be poor predictors of ethnic favoritism.

scholarly journals Responding to the crisis in sub-Saharan Africa: the role of nutrition

2006 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mickey Chopra ◽  
Ian Darnton-Hill
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Target Date ◽  
Health And Development ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Child Health

AbstractIn the chapter dealing with education and health, the report of the influential Commission for Africa prioritises basic health systems, HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis. In contrast, nutrition is given less than half a page and is reduced to parasite control and micronutrient support. Such neglect of nutrition is hard to understand in the context of increasing hunger and malnutrition across the continent. Sub-Saharan Africa is the only region in the world where the proportion of underweight children has stagnated and the absolute numbers have actually increased in the last decade. It has been pointed out that if current trends continue sub-Saharan Africa will achieve the Millennium Development Goal for child mortality around 2115 – one century after the target date. Quite clearly those concerned with nutrition need to more powerfully advocate the role of nutrition in lifting Africa out of the spiral of poverty. The present paper argues that to achieve this requires an understanding not just of the critical role of nutrition for health and development (both individual and national), but also of how recent global changes are interacting with changes in food production and supply, other determinants of maternal and child health, and the role and capacity of the state to tackle malnutrition in Africa. It concludes by suggesting some responses that nutritionists could now be making.

The Role of Law in Addressing Poverty and Inequality in High Income Countries: A Comparative View of Menstrual Hygiene Management and Its Impact on Education and Health in the UK and Select High Income Sub-Saharan African Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Bakibinga ◽  
Nightingale Rukuba-Ngaiza
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
High Income ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Uk

Abstract Agenda 2030 on sustainable development promotes a holistic approach to development and emphasizes the need to leave no one behind. Regarding the rule of law, sustainable development goal (SDG) 16.3 focuses on (promoting the rule of law at the national and international levels and ensure equal access to justice for all by 2030) and the related goals and targets on justice. Changing economic conditions in recent decades have caused stagnating wages and widening economic gaps among individual citizens and regions within developed countries and this is reflected in pockets of poverty and inequality in high income countries and islands of excess wealth in developing or low-income countries, worsened by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper examines the legal aspects of poverty and inequality in the education and health sectors in select high-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa and a Western industrialized country such as the UK, with emphasis on period poverty or poor menstrual health management (MHM) as a barrier to access to education and health due to inability to afford sanitary products. The analytical paper applies the institutionalist legislative theory and methodology (ILTAM) and the general theory of law and development, examines the role of the state in regulating the health and education sectors and concludes with key findings and recommendations on how the institutional and legal frameworks can be utilized to foster sustainable development in high-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Education and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Johanson ◽  
Angel Mattimore ◽  
Arvil Van Adams ◽  
Anwar Bach-Baouab ◽  
Rosemary Bellew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
Sub Saharan

Financing Energy Access in Africa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kayode Oniemola ◽  
Jane Ezirigwe
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Diesel Motors

To achieve universal energy access will attract huge capital investments. If sub-Saharan Africa is to realize anything close to the ambitious goals set for its energy access, then new actors, innovative funding mechanisms and sustainable technologies will have to be attracted. Finance is needed for activities such as rural electrification, clean cooking facilities, diesel motors and generators, other renewable energy technologies, oil and gas infrastructures, etc. Finance is also needed in research and development of suitable technologies and funding options as well as investment in the capacity to formulate and implement sound energy policies. This chapter examines the varied financing options for energy access in sub-Saharan Africa. It argues that with appropriate laws in place and effective mechanism for implementation, African countries can significantly engage private sector financing, international financial institutions and foreign donors. The role of the law here will be in creating an enabling environment for financing.

Human Development Paradigm for South Asia

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
The People ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Development Paradigm

In the chapter, Haq gives a snapshot of the human progress of South Asia, comparing it with other regions. He was worried about the region beginning to lag behind all other regions, including Sub-Saharan Africa. He highlights the role of the two largest economies in the region, India and Pakistan, in financing the major investment in education, health and nutrition for the people. Haq advocates some fiscal and monetary reforms are suggested to invest in human development.

scholarly journals An increasing role of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles funestus in malaria transmission in the Lake Zone, Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy S. Matowo ◽  
Jackline Martin ◽  
Manisha A. Kulkarni ◽  
Jacklin F. Mosha ◽  
Eliud Lukole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malaria Transmission ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
North West ◽  
Vector Population ◽  
Lake Zone ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets ◽  
Study District

AbstractAnopheles funestus is playing an increasing role in malaria transmission in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, where An. gambiae s.s. has been effectively controlled by long-lasting insecticidal nets. We investigated vector population bionomics, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission dynamics in 86 study clusters in North-West Tanzania. An. funestus s.l. represented 94.5% (4740/5016) of all vectors and was responsible for the majority of malaria transmission (96.5%), with a sporozoite rate of 3.4% and average monthly entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of 4.57 per house. Micro-geographical heterogeneity in species composition, abundance and transmission was observed across the study district in relation to key ecological differences between northern and southern clusters, with significantly higher densities, proportions and EIR of An. funestus s.l. collected from the South. An. gambiae s.l. (5.5%) density, principally An. arabiensis (81.1%) and An. gambiae s.s. (18.9%), was much lower and closely correlated with seasonal rainfall. Both An. funestus s.l. and An. gambiae s.l. were similarly resistant to alpha-cypermethrin and permethrin. Overexpression of CYP9K1, CYP6P3, CYP6P4 and CYP6M2 and high L1014S-kdr mutation frequency were detected in An. gambiae s.s. populations. Study findings highlight the urgent need for novel vector control tools to tackle persistent malaria transmission in the Lake Region of Tanzania.

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