Factors affecting levels and growth rates in the wage rates of women: evidence from nursing

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 727-739 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Ault ◽  
Gilbert L. Rutman
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Wage Rates

Gestation length, birth weight and growth rates of pure-bred indigenous goats and their crosses in Kenya

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ruvuna ◽  
T. C. Cartwright ◽  
H. Blackburn ◽  
M. Okeyo ◽  
S. Chema
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
East African ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Indigenous Goats

SummaryData on gestation period of 701 indigenous East African and Galla does and pre- and postweaning growth of 810 pure-bred and cross-bred kids were analysed by least squares statistical analysis. Breeds of kids were East African, Galla, Toggenburg × East African, Toggenburg × Galla, Anglo-Nubian × East African and Anglo-Nubian × Galla. Average gestation length was 149 days and was significantly (P < 0·05) affected by type of birth of the kid, year–month of kidding, and age of dam. Does carrying twins had shorter gestation length than does carrying singles. Sex and breed of kid did not have significant effect on gestation length.Significant (P < 0·05) factors affecting birth weight, weight at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 210 and 270 days of age, and preweaning growth rate were breed and sex of kid, type of birth, year–month and age of dam. Male kids grew faster and were heavier than females. Kids born single were heavier and grew faster than twin-born kids. Kids from dams less than 3 years old weighed less than kids from older dams. Cross-bred kids had higher preweaning growth rates than indigenous pure-bred kids. The Anglo-Nubian × Galla cross was heaviest while the East African ranked lowest. The results point to importance of cross-breeding with temperate breeds to increase growth rates of indigenous goats. Comparison of Toggenburg and Anglo-Nubian sires for cross-breeding showed both buck breeds produced kids with roughly equal growth rates. Evaluation of indigenous Galla and East African dams for cross-breeding showed Galla dams produced heavier kids than East African but preweaning growth rates were not significantly different.

Early Life History of Fishes in the San Francisco Estuary and Watershed

2004 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Striped Bass ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
San Francisco Estuary ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Juvenile Abundance ◽  
History Of

<em>Abstract.</em>—We investigated factors affecting growth of larval striped bass <em>Morone saxatilis </em>in the San Francisco Estuary from 1984 to 1993. We estimated ages and growth rates of larval striped bass from daily otolith increments. Mean annual growth rates of 6–14 mm standard length striped bass varied from 0.13 to 0.27mm/d, the lowest rate occurring in 1989 and the highest in 1992. The 1989 growth rate was significantly lower than all other years, and growth rates for 1992 and 1993 were significantly higher than all other years, but did not differ from one another. Differences in annual growth rates apparently were due mainly to differences in mean annual prey densities because growth rate increased as prey density increased. Compared to both laboratory measured growth rates and growth rates of field-caught Chesapeake Bay larvae, growth rates from the San Francisco Estuary appeared to be high for the food available, indicating that larvae can grow at relatively high rates even at low prey densities. Correlation analyses did not support density-dependent control of growth rates. Growth rate was not significantly related to mean annual conductivity, water temperature, mortality rates, or the juvenile abundance index, but was significantly and positively correlated with densities of 1-mm length-groups of 9–14-mm striped bass.

scholarly journals A Conjoint Analysis of the U.S. Broiler Complex Location Decision

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-655 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Wes Harrison ◽  
Pramod R. Sambidi
Keyword(s):  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Location Decisions ◽  
Location Decision ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Broiler Industry ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Five Factors ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Feed Costs

A national survey of broiler industry executives is conducted to analyze site-specific factors related to the broiler-complex location problem. Conjoint analysis is used to analyze the broiler complex location decision. Feed costs, community attitude toward the broiler industry, availability of geographically concentrated growers, unemployment rates, and wage rates were found to be the top five factors affecting broiler company location decisions. The quality of roads between feed mill and growers; electricity, heating, water, and sewage costs; and the number of potential growers in the region were also found to be important.

Lime chlorosis and other factors affecting the distribution of Eucalyptus on coastal sands in Southern Australia

1967 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Parsons ◽  
RL Specht
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
The Other ◽  
Alkaline Soils ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Calcareous Sand ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Physiological Tolerance ◽  
Calcareous Sands ◽  
Beach Sands

In southern Australia, deep calcareous and deep siliceous sands each carry a distinctive assemblage of eucalypts. Three of these species with contrasting edaphic ranges were investigated: Eucalyptus baxteri, which is widespread on acidic soils and is never found on highly alkaline soils like the calcareous sands; E. incrassata, which is widespread on acidic and neutral soils, occurs occasionally on some highly alkaline soils, but is also absent from calcareous beach sands; and E. diversifolia, which is found on both acidic and highly alkaline soils and is widespread on calcareous beach sands. All three species occur on siliceous sands, with E. baxteri in wetter areas than the other two species. Comparative pot experiments in which typical calcareous and siliceous sands were used showed that: (1) E. baxteri is stunted by severe lime chlorosis when grown on calcareous sand, while the other two species are not affected. (2) E. baxteri markedly outyields the other two species on siliceous sands. It is suggested that E. baxteri is absent from calcareous sands because it is physiologically intolerant of highly alkaline soils, and that E. baxteri replaces the other two species on the wetter siliceous sands because its faster growth rate enables it to outcompete them when rainfall is adequate. However, the slower growth rates of E. diversifolia and E. incrassata will be accompanied by slower rates of water use and this may give them an advantage over E. baxteri on drier siliceous sands. The wide edaphic range of E. diversifolia is considered to be the outcome of the wide physiological tolerance of individual plants rather than of intraspecific differentiation.

Factors Affecting Oxide Growth Rates and Lifetime of FeCrAl Alloys

2003 ◽  
pp. 93-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. J. Quadakkers ◽  
J. Nicholls ◽  
D. Naumenko ◽  
J. Wilber ◽  
L. Singheiser
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Oxide Growth ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Fecral Alloys

Mechanical Factors Affecting Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Rates in Buried Pipelines

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. B. Lambert ◽  
J. A. Beavers ◽  
B. Delanty ◽  
R. Sutherby ◽  
A. Plumtree
Keyword(s):  
Crack Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Electrical Potential ◽  
Potential Drop ◽  
Maximum Load ◽  
Load Test ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Transgranular Crack ◽  
Groundwater Environment ◽  
Crack Growth Rates

Over the past several years, investigations have been carried out into the rate of crack growth in pipeline steels in simulated, near-neutral pH, groundwater environment (NS4 solution). Pre-cracked specimens were subject to constant amplitude loading under various frequencies, maximum loads and R-ratios (minimum/maximum load). Test times varied from about 20 to 400 days. Transgranular crack features, similar to those found in service, have been observed. The extent of crack growth was monitored using either electrical potential drop or detailed metallographic examinations at two laboratories. The resulting crack growth rates from both labs are consistent with a superposition model based on a summation of fatigue (Paris Law) and static (SCC) crack growth rates. Differences between the results at the two laboratories are discussed.

scholarly journals WATER VAPOR TRANSMISSION RATES OF CELGARD® D-304 MICROPOROUS, POLYPROPYLENE FILMS

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1175h-1176
Author(s):  
Laura Dellevigne ◽  
Peter Vergano ◽  
Lee Wiles ◽  
Andy Hale ◽  
Jeff Adelberg
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Membrane Rafts ◽  
Polypropylene Film ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Transmission Rates ◽  
Water Vapor Transmission ◽  
Micropropagated Plants ◽  
Growth Experiments

Commercially produced membrane rafts containing Celgard D-304 microporous, polypropylene film are used to support the growth of micropropagated plants in liquid media. This method is used because growth experiments using membranes resulted in plant growth rates equal to or greater than those grown on agar. Inconsistent results of plant growth on these rafts led to an interest in measuring the water vapor transmission rates (WVTR) of the membranes. A modified WVTR test (ASTM E96-80) was used on 15 raft samples. Results showed that the supplier's value of 49.2 g/m2 ·hr falls within the range of measured values of 39.2 to 54.8 g/m2·hr. Inconsistencies in growth of micropropagated plants may not be due to variability in the WVTR of the Celgard film. It is possible that the WVTR of the film is not the most important factor in facilitating liquid nutrient transport across the membrane. Other properties of the film need to be measured to determine factors affecting growth rates observed.

scholarly journals Using a Standard Model to Identify the Saving Determinants in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-41
Author(s):  
Tarek Ali Ahmed Abdallah ◽  
Mohammed Salah El-Din Abdel Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Coverage Ratio ◽  
Domestic Savings ◽  
Economic Growth Rates

Low savings are an important factor in low economic growth rates. Saudi Arabia faces many future challenges, e.g., maintaining the gross domestic product, improving economic growth rates, providing job opportunities, as well as decreasing unemployment and nationalization rates. Therefore, the present research paper aims to identify the most important factors affecting domestic savings in Saudi Arabia by building a simultaneous equations model to measure interactions and interrelations between variables using 3SLS. The results showed a significant positive interaction between variables. Increasing domestic savings by 1% increased local investment by 0.957%, whereas increasing the investment coverage ratio by 1% increased local investment by 0.971%. Moreover, increasing local investment by 1% increased gross domestic product by 0.136%, while decreasing the rate by 1% increased gross domestic product by 0.334%. Increasing population by 1% increased gross domestic product by 1.520%. In short, these factors conveyed high rates of response.

scholarly journals Analysis of world practice of cash circulation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-138
Author(s):  
Olga Mikhailovna Markova
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Consumer Lending ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Developed Countries

Nowadays, attention is being paid to studying the structure of money circulation in foreign countries, which is stipulated by changes in cash monetization of the economy and the role of cash and financial operations performed with cash. According to the results based on the national and foreign research of cash circulation, the advantages and disadvantages of using cash in money turnover have been identified. The rating of countries with the least dependence on cash is given. It has been stated that in the developed countries the bank cards are used as an alternative to cash, the sizes of which vary depending on the location and characteristics of consumer lending in them. The problem is being studied: what reasons stimulate the demand for cash? The factors that influence the cash providing the goods and services circulation, other payments of the population of various countries (assessment of motives for holding money, total demand for cash, transactional, cumulative and speculative or portfolio costs have been given). Cash needs planning also plays an important role. In the Bank of Russia cash need planning is provided on the forecast estimates for all face values of coins and banknotes. A review of a sample of cash circulation and factors affecting it in Russia for the period from 1998 to 2018 is presented. The graphs of changes in the money supply and its growth rates, gross domestic product and its growth rates are illustrated. A correlation matrix is built for all variables in the sample (growth rates). The conclusions are drawn about the need in the monetary mechanism for regulating cash circulation to maintain the national independence and statehood in the context of digitalization of the world economy on a global scale.

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