A History of the Republic of Biafra: Law, Crime, and the Nigerian Civil War

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Victor O. Ukaogo
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nigerian Civil War ◽  
The Republic

The Second Spanish Republic in soviet and russian studies: specificity, problems, interpretations

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 324-368
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Grantseva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
Second Spanish Republic ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Cultural Dialogue ◽  
Ideological Attitudes

For many years, representatives of Soviet and then Russian historical science paid special attention to the period of the Second Spanish Republic and, especially, to the events of 1936-1939. The Spanish Civil War was and remains a topic that attracts the attention of specialists and influences the development of a multifaceted Russian-Spanish cultural dialogue. There are significantly fewer works on the peaceful years of the Republic, which is typical not only for domestic science, but also for the historiography of this period as a whole. Four key periods can be distinguished in the formation of the national historiography of the Spanish Republic. The first is associated with the existence of the Republic itself and is distinguished by significant political engagement. The second opens after 1956 and combines the continuity with respect to the period of the 1930s. and, at the same time, striving for objectivity, developing methodology and expanding the source base. The third stage is associated with the period of the 1970s-1980s, the time of the restoration of diplomatic relations between the USSR and Spain, as well as the active interaction of historians of the two countries. The fourth stage, which lasted thirty years, was the time of the formation of the Russian historiography of the Second Republic, which sought to get rid of the ideological attitudes that left a significant imprint on the research of the Soviet period. This time is associated with the active archival work of researchers and the publication of sources, the expansion of topics, interdisciplinary approaches. Among the studies of the history of the Second Republic outside Spain, Russian historiography has a special place due to the specifics of Soviet-Spanish relations during the Civil War, and the archival funds in our country, and the traditions of Russian historical Spanish studies, and the preservation of republican memory.

scholarly journals The Spanish Republic’s Diplomatic Mission to Moscow during Civil War. Part 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-225
Author(s):  
Daniel Kowalsky ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Unique Role ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The Press ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Poster Art ◽  
Roll Out

The Spanish Civil War played a unique role in the Soviet Union’s geo-political strategies in the second half of the 1930s. The conflict marked the first occasion that Moscow had participated in a foreign war beyond its traditional spheres of influence. But Soviet involvement in the Spanish war went far beyond the sale of armor and aviation to the beleaguered Spanish Republic. While Moscow organized and supported the creation of the International Brigades, on the cultural front, the Soviets sought to roll out a broad program of propaganda, employing film, poster art and music to link the destinies of the Slavic and Hispanic peoples. If scholars have succeeded in recent years to rewrite the history of many components of Soviet participation in the Spanish Civil War, diplomatic relations between the Republic and Moscow remain an unexplored theme. This is the first instalment of a two-part article, unpublished official documents, as well as memoirs, newsreels, private letters and the press, to offer the first narrative history of the Republican embassy in Moscow. The diplomatic rapprochement between the USSR and Spain in 1933 is explored as a prelude to the exchange of ambassadors following the outbreak of the Civil War in summer 1936. The appointment of the young Spanish doctor Marcelino Pascua to a newly recreated Moscow embassy is examined in detail, up to autumn 1937. This article allows the reader hitherto unavailable access to the daily trials, disappointments and occasional breakthroughs experienced by the Spanish Republican ambassador in Stalin’s Soviet Union.

‘Soirées de Barcelone’: towards a performing version

Tempo ◽  
1996 ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Calum MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Present Issue ◽  
Work In Progress ◽  
Ballets Russes ◽  
Original Title ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

These observations form a long-delayed epilogue to my article ‘Soirées de Barcelone: a Preliminary Report’ in Tempo 139 (December 1981), where I outlined the history of Roberto Gerhard's Catalan ballet, a major score which was then (and remains now) virtually unknown save for the performance of some excerpts. For the work's conception, and its commission from Colonel de Basil's Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo, readers should consult that article, and the article by Julian White in the present issue. This was the work-in-progress – apparently still at that stage bearing its original title Les Feux de la Saint Jean – which Gerhard took with him when the climax of the Spanish Civil War and the fall of the Republic forced him into exile in France in January 1939. He continued to work on it during the following five months he spent in Paris and Meudon.

A Nation on Paper: Making a State in the Republic of Biafra

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 868-894
Author(s):  
Samuel Fury Childs Daly
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Civil War ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Legal Process ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Nigerian Civil War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Postcolonial Africa ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
State Form

AbstractWhat role did law play in articulating sovereignty and citizenship in postcolonial Africa? Using legal records from the secessionist Republic of Biafra, this article analyzes the relationship between law and national identity in an extreme context—that of the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970). Ideas about order, discipline, and legal process were at the heart of Biafra's sense of itself as a nation, and they served as the rhetorical justification for its secession from Nigeria. But they were not only rhetoric. In the turmoil of the ensuing civil war, Biafra's courts became the center of its national culture, and law became its most important administrative implement. In court, Biafrans argued over what behaviors were permissible in wartime, and judges used law to draw the boundaries of the new country's national identity. That law played this role in Biafra shows something broader about African politics: law, bureaucracy, and paperwork meant more to state-making than declensionist views of postcolonial Africa usually allow. Biafra failed as a political project, but it has important implications for the study of law in postcolonial Africa, and for the nation-state form in general.

Metaphors for Nation and War in Chinua Achebe's Memoir

2016 ◽  
pp. 199-219
Author(s):  
Onwu Inya
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Ethnic Politics ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Dysfunctional Family ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Democratic Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nigerian Civil War

Chinua Achebe's memoir, There Was a Country: A Personal History of Biafra, caused quite a stir in the Nigerian polity when it was published in 2012. This chapter, therefore, examined the metaphors used by the author to construe the concepts of nation and the (Nigerian civil) war in the memoir. Theoretical insights were drawn from Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Primary metaphor theory and Conceptual blending theory to analyze the metaphors identified. Two central metaphors were used by the author to construe the concept of nation, namely, the DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY and the SCAPEGOAT metaphors. Metaphors for war included WAR AS NIGHTMARE, AS A TRIANGLE GAME, and AS A SERIES OF VIOLENT CRIMES respectively. The metaphor system highlighted in this chapter indicates that bad governance, corruption and ethnic politics were critical to the failure of Nigeria's first democratic experience (1960-1966) and the resultant civil war of 1967-1970.

Post-War Writing in Nigeria

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Ernest Nneji Emenyonu
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
The People ◽  
Nigerian Civil War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Right ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

The Nigerian civil war is now history. The Republic of Biafra lives in the pages of books, pamphlets, and newspapers. In that form, it is no threat to the people of Nigeria who, in a solemn oath of allegiance in January 1970, pledged to consign Biafra into oblivion and face the task of reconstruction and reconciliation. Biafra is now an issue only for historians who are plagued with the search for an answer to “what might have happened if…” But the war itself has left deep scars not only upon the lives of the survivors, but also on their beliefs and attitudes towards life. Unless he visits the right places in Nigeria, the visitor today may hear nothing and possibly see nothing to remind him of the war.

scholarly journals Un pasaporte hacia la libertad. Súplicas y solicitudes de los exiliados españoles...A Passport to Freedom: Spanish Refugees’ Supplications and Requests...

2016 ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Adámez Castro
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Main Condition ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
History Of ◽  
Writing Culture ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Siglo Xx ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas

RESUMEN Tras la derrota republicana en la Guerra Civil fueron muchos los españoles que tuvieron que huir y comenzar una nueva vida. La gran mayoría se asentó en Francia aunque muchos otros optaron por pedir asilo en el continente americano, especialmente en México. Su presidente, Lázaro Cárdenas, puso como condición principal para esta acogida que las instituciones de ayuda a los refugiados, creadas con los fondos de la República española, financiaran los viajes de estos hacia el país azteca, así como su manutención y alojamiento durante los primeros meses de su estancia en dicho lugar. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea se creó el Comité Técnico de Ayuda a los Republicanos Españoles (CTARE) capitaneado por José Puche, delegación del Servicio de Evacuación de los Republicanos Españoles (SERE) en México. A este Comité llegaron miles de peticiones de ayuda en las que los refugiados mostraban cuáles eran sus necesidades y preocupaciones más urgentes. El análisis de una parte de estas súplicas es el eje central de este trabajo, que pretende demostrar cuál fue el camino que siguieron estas cartas desde su escritura hasta su concesión o negación y qué huellas administrativas pueden encontrarse en las mismas, así como señalar cuáles son sus características esenciales. Gracias al análisis de estas peticiones podremos conocer el funcionamiento interno del Comité y recuperar la historia de los exiliados anónimos, generalmente marginados en buena parte de las obras escritas sobre esta temática.   PALABRAS CLAVE: cartas de súplica, exilio republicano español, México, siglo XX, Comité Técnico de Ayuda a los Republicanos Españoles (CTARE)   ABSTRACT After the defeat of the Republic in the Spanish Civil War many were forced to flee and begin a new life. Although the bulk of refugees fled to France, many others sought asylum in America, primarily in Mexico. As the main condition for receiving them the President of Mexico at that time, Lázaro Cárdenas, required the aid institutions, created with funds from the Spanish Republic, to pay for the travel, maintenance and accommodation of the refugees during their first months in Mexico. For that reason, the Servicio de Evacuación de los Republicanos Españoles (SERE) decided to create a delegation in Mexico, the Comité Técnico de Ayuda a los Republicanos Españoles (CTARE), led by José Puche. This Committee received thousands of requests for assistance with what the refugees considered their most urgent necessities. This paper seeks to analyze part of these requests. First, we show the administrative route of the request, leading either to its acceptance or rejection, as well as the administrative traces left by this process on the letters. Second, we analyze the main characteristics of the request. Thanks to the analysis of these requests we gain knowledge of the internal functioning of the Committee and recover the history of the anonymous exiles, generally excluded in a large percentage of the work written on this subject.   KEY WORDS: writing culture, letters of pleading, Spanish Republican exile, Mexico, aid agencies, Comité Técnico de Ayuda a los Republicanos Españoles (CTARE)

scholarly journals FROM THE HISTORY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF KAZAKHSTAN AFTER THE CIVIL WAR (1920-1924)

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
B.S. Zhumagulov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Demographic Situation ◽  
Ongoing Work ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Political Economic

The article analyzes a new view of the history of economic development of Kazakhstan after the civil war. The purpose of the work is to identify problems, analyze the implementation of the social and economic policy of Soviet power. In this article, there are new transformations in the political, economic and social life of Kazakhstan and the difficulties in its implementation. The ongoing work on restoration of peaceful life, destroyed economy and economy in Kazakhstan is indicated. The reasons for the decline in economic life, destruction, poverty and hunger in Kazakhstan are indicated. As a result of hunger, cold and the accompanying diseases, the demographic situation in the nomadic and semi-nomadic regions of the republic deteriorated – the population of the rural population in many provinces decreased to 1/3, more than 700 000 people left Kazakhstan.

‘To the benefit of Africa, the world, and ourselves’: The American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa (ANLCA) Mission to Nigeria, 1966–1968

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
James Austin Farquharson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
The United States ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Military Government ◽  
The World ◽  
Nigerian Civil War ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Conflicting Discourses

Abstract Far from having only marginal significance and generating a ‘subdued’ response among African Americans, as some historians have argued, the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970) collided at full velocity with the conflicting discourses and ideas by which Black Americans sought to understand their place in the United States and the world in the late 1960s. One of the most significant aspects of African American engagement with the civil war was the American Negro Leadership Conference on Africa peace mission that sought to bring the Federal Military Government of Nigeria and the secessionist leadership of the Republic of Biafra together through the mediation of some of the leading Black civil rights leaders in the United States. Through the use of untapped primary sources, this article will reveal that while the mission was primarily focused on finding a just solution to the internecine struggle, it also intersected with broader domestic and international crosscurrents.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document