Automation in visual inspection tasks: X-ray luggage screening supported by a system of direct, indirect or adaptable cueing with low and high system reliability

We studied the effects that multiple levels of signal probability (known as base rate) have on the transfer of learning in an airline luggage screening task. Participants (n = 33) were presented with three base rates during the acquisition (training) phase: 100%, 50%, or 20%; at transfer, all participants detected novel targets at a base rate of 20%. Performance was measured by hit rates, false alarm rates, sensitivities, and detection times. Results revealed that participants receiving higher base rates during training obtained higher hit rates at transfer compared to participants encountering lower base rates. However, increasing the training base rate also increased the incidence of false alarms, leading to a low overall level of sensitivity during transfer. Relatively higher base rates had mixed effects on response times. These results have implications for improving training modules for individuals in complex visual inspection tasks.

Download Full-text

Counterfeit Parts Recognition and Detection for Failure Analysts

ISTFA 2010: Conference Proceedings from the 36th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis ◽

10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2010p0364 ◽

2010 ◽

Author(s):

Katherine V. Whittington

Keyword(s):

Thermal Cycle ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Acoustic Microscopy ◽

Scanning Acoustic Microscopy ◽

3D Measurement ◽

X Ray ◽

Wide Range ◽

Electronic Parts ◽

Testing Awareness

Abstract The electronics supply chain is being increasingly infiltrated by non-authentic, counterfeit electronic parts, whose use poses a great risk to the integrity and quality of critical hardware. There is a wide range of counterfeit parts such as leads and body molds. The failure analyst has many tools that can be used to investigate counterfeit parts. The key is to follow an investigative path that makes sense for each scenario. External visual inspection is called for whenever the source of supply is questionable. Other methods include use of solvents, 3D measurement, X-ray fluorescence, C-mode scanning acoustic microscopy, thermal cycle testing, burn-in technique, and electrical testing. Awareness, vigilance, and effective investigations are the best defense against the threat of counterfeit parts.

Download Full-text

Efficient Binarized Convolutional Layers for Visual Inspection Applications on Resource-Limited FPGAs and ASICs

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10131511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (13) ◽

pp. 1511

Author(s):

Taylor Simons ◽

Dah-Jye Lee

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Deep Neural Networks ◽

Computational Cost ◽

Quality Inspection ◽

Agricultural Produce ◽

Resource Limited ◽

Inspection Tasks ◽

Computational Resources ◽

Small Models

There has been a recent surge in publications related to binarized neural networks (BNNs), which use binary values to represent both the weights and activations in deep neural networks (DNNs). Due to the bitwise nature of BNNs, there have been many efforts to implement BNNs on ASICs and FPGAs. While BNNs are excellent candidates for these kinds of resource-limited systems, most implementations still require very large FPGAs or CPU-FPGA co-processing systems. Our work focuses on reducing the computational cost of BNNs even further, making them more efficient to implement on FPGAs. We target embedded visual inspection tasks, like quality inspection sorting on manufactured parts and agricultural produce sorting. We propose a new binarized convolutional layer, called the neural jet features layer, that learns well-known classic computer vision kernels that are efficient to calculate as a group. We show that on visual inspection tasks, neural jet features perform comparably to standard BNN convolutional layers while using less computational resources. We also show that neural jet features tend to be more stable than BNN convolution layers when training small models.

Download Full-text

The occurrence rate and clinical application of Osteo-line on the femur neck

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research ◽

10.1186/s13018-021-02289-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mingchen Zou ◽

Haotian Wu ◽

Shuangquan Yao ◽

Dong Ren ◽

Song Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Application ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Occurrence Rate ◽

Control Group ◽

Leg Length ◽

X Ray ◽

The Third ◽

Femur Neck ◽

Medical University ◽

Experimental Group

Abstract Background This study was done to observe the incidence of Osteo-line on the femur neck and to explore the clinical application of Osteo-line in osteotomy. Methods Eighty-nine adult femur specimens were selected to observe the incidence of Osteo-line on the femur neck. From August 2015 to January 2019, a total of 278 patients who completed unilateral hip arthroplasty at the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University were retrospectively included. Patients who accepted osteotomy via Osteo-line on the femur neck were defined as the experimental group (n = 139), and patients who accepted osteotomy via traditional method (The femoral distance 1.5 cm above the trochanter was retained for osteotomy by visual inspection.) were defined as the control group (n = 139). According to the postoperative pelvic X-ray, Photoshop was used to evaluate the leg length discrepancy (LLD) by the CFR-T-LT method. Results Among the 89 specimens, the incidence of anterior Osteo-line was 75.28%, and the incidence of posterior Osteo-line was 100%. According to the clinical application results, the incidence of anterior Osteo-line on the femur neck was 80%, and the incidence of posterior Osteo-line was 100%. The Osteo-line was clearer than those on the femoral specimens. Twenty-six cases had LLD greater than 1 cm (9.29%), including 2 cases in the experimental group and 24 cases in the control group. The average postoperative LLD in the experimental group (0.19 ± 0.38 mm) was significantly shorter than in the control group (0.54 ± 0.51 mm)(P = 0.005). Conclusion The incidence of Osteo-line on the femur neck was high, and patients who accepted osteotomy via Osteo-line on the femur neck can achieve shorter postoperative LLD than the control group.

Download Full-text

Learning-Based Autonomous UAV System for Electrical and Mechanical (E&M) Device Inspection

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21041385 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (4) ◽

pp. 1385

Author(s):

Yurong Feng ◽

Kwaiwa Tse ◽

Shengyang Chen ◽

Chih-Yung Wen ◽

Boyang Li

Keyword(s):

System Design ◽

State Estimation ◽

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Free Flight ◽

Object State ◽

Aerial Vehicles ◽

Inspection Tasks ◽

Autonomous Inspection

The inspection of electrical and mechanical (E&M) devices using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has become an increasingly popular choice in the last decade due to their flexibility and mobility. UAVs have the potential to reduce human involvement in visual inspection tasks, which could increase efficiency and reduce risks. This paper presents a UAV system for autonomously performing E&M device inspection. The proposed system relies on learning-based detection for perception, multi-sensor fusion for localization, and path planning for fully autonomous inspection. The perception method utilizes semantic and spatial information generated by a 2-D object detector. The information is then fused with depth measurements for object state estimation. No prior knowledge about the location and category of the target device is needed. The system design is validated by flight experiments using a quadrotor platform. The result shows that the proposed UAV system enables the inspection mission autonomously and ensures a stable and collision-free flight.

Download Full-text

Study of composition and structure of NLMK BF No. 6 hearth scull (Report 1)

Ferrous Metallurgy Bulletin of Scientific Technical and Economic Information ◽

10.32339/0135-5910-2019-2-166-181 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 166-181

Author(s):

I. F. Кurunov ◽

A. S. Bliznyukov ◽

V. N. Titov ◽

N. V. Logvinov ◽

D. N. Tikhonov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visual Inspection ◽

Iron Carbide ◽

Iron Notch ◽

X Ray ◽

A Value ◽

Composition And Structure ◽

Variable Content ◽

Technical Solutions ◽

Titanium Compounds ◽

Bottom Lining

Analysis of blast furnaces running experience in Japan, Europe and North America shows, that duration of their operating period determines to a great extent by hearth and bottom lining endurance. Study of structure change of scull and hearth walls and bottom lining at different burden compositions and BF heat conditions will enable to elaborate organization and technical solutions for BF efficiency increasing. Study of hearth scull composition at the level of iron notch and lower at PAO NLMK BF No. 6 after 2nd category overhaul stoppage from 26.08.2016 through 29.09.2016. Lump samples of mass from 10 up to 70 kg were taken with careful visual inspection to exclude oxidized and hydrated pieces. Based on visual inspection of samples as well as petrographic, chemical, X-ray structural and microprobe analysis it was determined, that the scull base comprises products formed during crystallization of heat products. They included a metal, in which a magnetic part (α-iron) is prevailed with iron carbide and graphite inclusions, graphite as a separate phase, slag components with a base of melilite at the level of iron notch and silicates (X-ray amorphous) of variable content of СaO–K2O–Na2O–SiO2–Al2O3system. The quantity of metal and graphite in the hearth walls scull increases from iron notch to the bottom and reaches a value >85 % at the level 300 mm lower than iron notch. Content of titanium compounds in oxide form in all the samples as well as nitrides, carbo-nitrides totally does not exceeds 1–2%.

Download Full-text

Measuring Human Detection Performance in Aircraft Visual Inspection

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting ◽

10.1177/107118139704100168 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 304-308 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Colin G. Drury ◽

Floyd W. Spencer ◽

Donald L. Schurman

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Individual Differences ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Individual Characteristics ◽

Human Detection ◽

Field Independence ◽

Multiple Fault ◽

Industrial Inspection ◽

Inspection Tasks ◽

Non Destructive

In airworthiness assurance, while there is a long tradition of measuring inspection reliability for machine-aided Non-Destructive Inspection (NDI), the more common visual inspection has received little attention. Yet inspection reliability measurements are needed if we are to set appropriate inspection intervals for airframe components. Visual inspection of aircraft is characterized as using multiple senses (despite its name) and having to inspect for multiple fault types, in contrast to NDI which is used for single specific fault types. The study here used 12 professional inspectors to perform nine visual inspection tasks on a long-service Boeing 737 aircraft. Each inspector worked over two days. Measures were taken of performance, strategy and individual differences. Only a fraction of the results are presented here, with a major finding that aircraft visual inspection has approximately the same reliability as industrial inspection. Individual differences were found, as well as correlations between certain aspects of performance and individual characteristics such as Field Independence and Peripheral Visual Acuity. However, there was little correlation between an individual inspector's performance on the different tasks, showing the difficulty of designing selection and placement procedures for such a wide-ranging job.

Download Full-text

A systematic approach to assess visual inspection tasks: an assembly line case

International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management ◽

10.1504/ijpqm.2020.106024 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 (3) ◽

pp. 418

Author(s):

Mustafa Can Tuncer ◽

Necmettin Firat Ozkan ◽

Berna Haktanirlar Ulutas

Keyword(s):

Visual Inspection ◽

Assembly Line ◽

Systematic Approach ◽

Inspection Tasks

Download Full-text

Absolute Intensities - Outline of a Recommended Practice

Powder Diffraction ◽

10.1017/s0885715600013488 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 202-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

P.M. de Woolf ◽

J.W. Visser

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Visual Inspection ◽

Accurate Method ◽

Data File ◽

X Ray ◽

Absolute Intensities

The X-Ray Powder Data File (XRPDF) enables one to identify the compounds in a sample. More often than not, however, a semi-quantitative analysis is wanted. Visual inspection of the pattern may give a vague impression of the composition, but the errors of such a result are usually not within reasonable limits. Clearly a less subjective and more accurate method is wanted. If the necessary data are printed on the cards, such a method will greatly enlarge the usefulness of the File.

Download Full-text

X-RAY IMAGE ANALYSIS OF DEFECTS AT BGA FOR MANUFACTURING SYSTEM RELIABILITY

Advanced Reliability Modeling ◽

10.1142/9789812702685_0064 ◽

2004 ◽

Author(s):

T. SUMIMOTO ◽

T. MARUYAMA ◽

Y. AZUMA ◽

S. GOTO ◽

M. MONDOU ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

System Reliability ◽

Manufacturing System ◽

X Ray

Download Full-text