A review on solid base heterogeneous catalysts: preparation, characterization and applications

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-52
Author(s):  
Diksha K. Jambhulkar ◽  
Rajendra P. Ugwekar ◽  
Bharat A. Bhanvase ◽  
Divya P. Barai
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Catalysts Preparation

scholarly journals Surface Modification of Fly Ash for Active Catalysis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepti Jain ◽  
Renu Hada ◽  
Ashu Rani
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Chemical Activation ◽  
Alumina Content ◽  
Precipitation Method ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Thermally Activated ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer ◽  
Different Temperatures

Fly ash based effective solid base catalyst (KF/Al2O3/fly ash473, KF/Al2O3/fly ash673, and KF/Al2O3/fly ash873) was synthesized by loading KF over chemically and thermally activated fly ash. The chemical activation was done by treating fly ash with aluminum nitrate via precipitation method followed by thermal activation at 650°C to increase the alumina content in fly ash. The increased alumina content was confirmed by SEM-EDX analysis. The alumina enriched fly ash was then loaded with KF (10 wt%) and calcined at three different temperatures 473 K, 673 K and 873 K. The amount of loaded KF was monitored by XRD, FTIR spectroscopy, SEM-EDX, TEM and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The catalytic activities of the catalysts were tested in the Claisen-Schmidt condensation of benzaldehyde and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde with 2′-hydroxyacetophenone to produce 2′-hydroxychalcone and 4-methoxy-2′-hydroxychalcone respectively. Higher conversion (83%) of benzaldehyde and (89%) of 4-methoxybenzaldehyde reveals that among these heterogeneous catalysts KF/Al2O3/fly ash673 is very active.

scholarly journals Layered double hydroxide anchored ionic liquids as amphiphilic heterogeneous catalysts for the Knoevenagel condensation reaction

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (9) ◽  
pp. 3059-3067 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tengfei Li ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Haralampos N. Miras ◽  
Yu-Fei Song
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Knoevenagel Condensation ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Knoevenagel Reaction ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Solid Base Catalysts ◽  
Base Catalysts ◽  
Excellent Activity ◽  
Knoevenagel Condensation Reaction ◽  
Double Hydroxide

In this paper, three solid base catalysts of LDH-IL-Cn (n = 4, 8, 12) were synthesized by adopting an exfoliation/assembly approach. The as-prepared catalyst showed excellent activity and selectivity for the Knoevenagel reaction in aqueous solution.

Aminated chlorinated polyvinylchloride nanofiber mat-supported palladium heterogeneous catalysts: preparation, characterization and applications

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (95) ◽  
pp. 53105-53108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linjun Shao ◽  
Chenze Qi ◽  
Xian-Man Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalysts Preparation ◽  
Supported Palladium ◽  
Nanofiber Mats ◽  
Efficient Heterogeneous Catalyst

A novel and efficient heterogeneous catalyst has been developed by immobilization of palladium on the chlorinated polyvinylchloride nanofiber mats.

An overview of solid base heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production

2018 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 594-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akshey Marwaha ◽  
Amit Dhir ◽  
Sunil Kumar Mahla ◽  
Saroj Kumar Mohapatra
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Solid Base

scholarly journals Graphene oxide as support and regenerative substrate for lead ions in catalytic conversion of lactic acid

BioResources ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 7133-7144
Author(s):  
Siew Xian Chin ◽  
Soon Wei Chook ◽  
Chin Hua Chia ◽  
Kam Sheng Lau ◽  
Sarani Zakaria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Hydrothermal Process ◽  
Catalyst Support ◽  
Catalytic Conversion ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base Catalyst ◽  
Benign Process

Graphene oxide (GO) was used as a catalyst support and for regeneration of a homogeneous catalyst in the catalytic conversion of glucose to lactic acid (LA). First, a solid base catalyst was prepared through the adsorption of Pb2+ ions by GO through ionic interaction with oxygenated groups of GO. The collected GO-Pb catalyst was characterized, demonstrating the successful loading of Pb2+ onto GO sheets using FTIR and XPS. The GO-Pb catalyst was subsequently used for the conversion of glucose into LA. A maximum LA yield of approximately 30% was achieved in 30 min. The catalyst demonstrated the ability to be used for at least five cycles. In contrast, the leached Pb2+ ions during the hydrothermal process were regenerated through adsorption with fresh GO. The regenerated catalyst demonstrated the possibility of the regenerated Pb2+ ions for further catalytic conversions of lactic acid. This study could be essential to produce valuable chemicals through the use of heterogeneous catalysts that are produced via a simple and environmental benign process.

A Review of Heterogeneous Catalysts Preparation Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israf Ud Din ◽  
Qazi Nasir ◽  
Mustapha D. Garba ◽  
Muhammad Usman ◽  
Abdulrahman I. Alharthi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
Review Paper ◽  
Supported Catalysts ◽  
Reaction Rates ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Catalysts Preparation

: Catalysts contribute significantly to the industrial revolution in terms of reaction rates and reduction in production costs. An extensive research has been documented in various industrial catalysis in the last few decades. The performance of catalysts has been influenced by many parameters including synthesis methods. The current work overviews the most common methods applied in the synthesis of supported catalysts. This review presents the detailed background, principle and mechanism of each preparation method. The advantages and limitations of each method have also been elaborated in details. In addition, the applications of each method in terms of catalysts synthesis have been documented in the current review paper.

scholarly journals Solid base catalysed 5-HMF oxidation to 2,5-FDCA over Au/hydrotalcites: fact or fiction?

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (8) ◽  
pp. 4940-4945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Ardemani ◽  
Giannantonio Cibin ◽  
Andrew J. Dent ◽  
Mark A. Isaacs ◽  
Georgios Kyriakou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Solid Base

Synergistic effects between alkali-free hydrotalcites and gold nanoparticles afford efficient heterogeneous catalysts for the cascade oxidation of 5-HMF to 2,5-FDCA.

Aerosol processing: a wind of innovation in the field of advanced heterogeneous catalysts

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 4112-4155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damien P. Debecker ◽  
Solène Le Bras ◽  
Cédric Boissière ◽  
Alexandra Chaumonnot ◽  
Clément Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Aerosol Processing ◽  
Catalysts Preparation ◽  
Major Route

Aerosol processing technologies represent a major route of innovation in the mushrooming field of heterogeneous catalysts preparation.

What catalysis needs from the electron microscopist

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 694-695
Author(s):  
Alexis T. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Active Sites ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalyst Deactivation ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Internal Surface Area ◽  
Porous Support

Heterogeneous catalysts, used in industry for the production of fuels and chemicals, are microporous solids characterized by a high internal surface area. The catalyticly active sites may occur at the surface of the bulk solid or of small crystallites deposited on a porous support. An example of the former case would be a zeolite, and of the latter, a supported metal catalyst. Since the activity and selectivity of a catalyst are known to be a function of surface composition and structure, it is highly desirable to characterize catalyst surfaces with atomic scale resolution. Where the active phase is dispersed on a support, it is also important to know the dispersion of the deposited phase, as well as its structural and compositional uniformity, the latter characteristics being particularly important in the case of multicomponent catalysts. Knowledge of the pore size and shape is also important, since these can influence the transport of reactants and products through a catalyst and the dynamics of catalyst deactivation.

Electron holography of catalysts

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
A. K. Datye ◽  
D. S. Kalakkad ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
E. Völkl
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Atomic Scale ◽  
Nano Particles ◽  
Phase Image ◽  
Electron Holography ◽  
Specimen Thickness ◽  
Phase Information ◽  
Particle Structure

The active phase in heterogeneous catalysts consists of nanometer-sized metal or oxide particles dispersed within the tortuous pore structure of a high surface area matrix. Such catalysts are extensively used for controlling emissions from automobile exhausts or in industrial processes such as the refining of crude oil to produce gasoline. The morphology of these nano-particles is of great interest to catalytic chemists since it affects the activity and selectivity for a class of reactions known as structure-sensitive reactions. In this paper, we describe some of the challenges in the study of heterogeneous catalysts, and provide examples of how electron holography can help in extracting details of particle structure and morphology on an atomic scale.Conventional high-resolution TEM imaging methods permit the image intensity to be recorded, but the phase information in the complex image wave is lost. However, it is the phase information which is sensitive at the atomic scale to changes in specimen thickness and composition, and thus analysis of the phase image can yield important information on morphological details at the nanometer level.

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