Establishing Vertical Separation Models for Vulnerable Coastlines in Developing Territories

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Cassandra Nanlal ◽  
Keith Miller ◽  
Dexter Davis ◽  
Michael Sutherland
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Separation

Estimating Global Ocean Heat Content Changes in the Upper 1800 m since 1950 and the Influence of Climatology Choice*

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 1945-1957 ◽  
Author(s):  
John M. Lyman ◽  
Gregory C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Content ◽  
Ocean Heat Content ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Ocean Temperature ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Ocean Heat Uptake ◽  
Expendable Bathythermograph ◽  
Heat Uptake ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Ocean heat content anomalies are analyzed from 1950 to 2011 in five distinct depth layers (0–100, 100–300, 300–700, 700–900, and 900–1800 m). These layers correspond to historic increases in common maximum sampling depths of ocean temperature measurements with time, as different instruments—mechanical bathythermograph (MBT), shallow expendable bathythermograph (XBT), deep XBT, early sometimes shallower Argo profiling floats, and recent Argo floats capable of worldwide sampling to 2000 m—have come into widespread use. This vertical separation of maps allows computation of annual ocean heat content anomalies and their sampling uncertainties back to 1950 while taking account of in situ sampling advances and changing sampling patterns. The 0–100-m layer is measured over 50% of the globe annually starting in 1956, the 100–300-m layer starting in 1967, the 300–700-m layer starting in 1983, and the deepest two layers considered here starting in 2003 and 2004, during the implementation of Argo. Furthermore, global ocean heat uptake estimates since 1950 depend strongly on assumptions made concerning changes in undersampled or unsampled ocean regions. If unsampled areas are assumed to have zero anomalies and are included in the global integrals, the choice of climatological reference from which anomalies are estimated can strongly influence the global integral values and their trend: the sparser the sampling and the bigger the mean difference between climatological and actual values, the larger the influence.

Welfare-improving vertical separation with network externality

2017 ◽  
Vol 151 ◽  
pp. 115-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kangsik Choi ◽  
DongJoon Lee
Keyword(s):  
Network Externality ◽  
Vertical Separation

scholarly journals Cultural, Morphological and Pathogenic Characterization of Alternaria porri Causing Purple Blotch of Onion

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sayed Mohammad MOHSIN ◽  
Md. Rafiqul ISLAM ◽  
Abu Noman Faruq AHMMED ◽  
Hosna Ara Chowdhury NISHA ◽  
Mirza HASANUZZAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Diseased Leaf ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Concentric Ring ◽  
Brown Colour ◽  
Ring Shape ◽  
Alternaria Porri ◽  
Conidia Production

Twenty seven (27) isolates of Alternaria porri were isolated from diseased leaf samples collected from different onion growing regions of Bangladesh and characterized for cultural, morphological and pathogenic variabilities. A. porri colonies colony colour ranged between light to dark olivacious and grayish white with irregular, regular with concentric ring and regular without concentric ring shape. Margin of colonies were entire, irregular and wavy with effuse, fluffy and velvety texture. Isolates impregnated media with colour ranged between grey to brown on the reverse of the plates. Growth rate of isolates ranged between 2.433 and 3.950 mm/day with fast growth in isolate DSTR 02 and least in MMBH. Morphological variation in conidia production was between 7.720×103 to 47.02×103 per mm2 with sporulation time 3.33 to 11.00 days. The conidial shape was straight to curve with light to deep brown colour. The number of horizontal and vertical separation in the conidia ranged from 3.00 to 6.00 × 1.00 to 2.00 with size from 11.20 to 39.20 × 4.76 to 11.43 µm. In pathogenicity test isolates also exhibited variations in size of the lesions (2.77 to 7.55 mm) produced on onion leaves. The results demonstrate existence of considerable variation in cultural, morphological, and pathogenic characters of A. porri isolates prevalent in Bangladesh environment.

scholarly journals Zugangsentgelte zur Infrastruktur der Deutsche Bahn AG: Fluch oder Segen durch vertikale Separierung?

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Bataille ◽  
Michael Coenen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Vertical Integration ◽  
Price Setting ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Network Operator ◽  
Policy Proposal ◽  
The Public ◽  
Effective Competition ◽  
Deutsche Bahn

AbstractIt has been a policy proposal since long to vertically separate transport and infrastructure in Germany’s railway sector. The proposal received new momentum, when selling the transport subsidiaries of Deutsche Bahn AG to the public was discussed in 2008 / 2009. While vertical separation is general ly understood to prevent foreclosure and discrimination by the incumbent network- operator, advocates of vertical integration claim separation to have adverse effects on access prices to the infrastructure. We examine the price setting incentives of an integrated and a separated network-operator and compare our results to rough empirical findings on the profitability of the Deutsche Bahn AG infrastructure branches. Theoretical analysis highlights that after separation exceptional mark-ups on access prices to the railwayinfrastructure are feasible only in segments of railway-transport with insufficient competition. We therefore conclude that an economic policy for the railway sector directed on efficient supply and promoting effective competition should unbind itself from alleged price synergies and should press ahead with vertical separation instead.

Does Vertical Separation Necessarily Reduce Quality Discrimination and Increase Welfare?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duarte Brito ◽  
Pedro Pereira ◽  
João Vareda
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Double Marginalization ◽  
Welfare Impact ◽  
Quality Degradation ◽  
Degradation Effect

Abstract We investigate whether vertical separation reduces quality discrimination and increases welfare. Consider an industry consisting of a vertically integrated firm, the incumbent, and an independent retailer, the entrant, which requires access to the services of the incumbent's wholesaler. The wholesaler can discriminate against either of the retailers by supplying it an input of lower quality than its rival. We show that, in our setting, vertical separation of the incumbent reduces discrimination against the entrant's retailer, although it does not guarantee non-discrimination. Furthermore, with vertical separation, the wholesaler may discriminate against the incumbent's retailer. Vertical separation impacts social welfare through two effects. First, through the double-marginalization effect, which is negative. Second, through the quality degradation effect, which can be positive or negative. Hence, the net welfare impact of vertical separation is negative or potentially ambiguous.

Influence of a Perspective Cockpit Traffic Display Format on Pilot Avoidance Maneuvers

1983 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 762-766 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen R. Ellis ◽  
Michael W. McGreevy
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
Vertical Dimension ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Perspective Projection ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Plan View ◽  
Display Format ◽  
Airline Pilots ◽  
Cockpit Displays

Laboratory experiments have examined perspective projections of Cockpit Displays of Traffic Information (CDTI) on CRTs as a means of presenting vertical separation information to airline pilots. Ten airline pilots served as subjects in an experiment comparing the perspective projection with plan-view projections of the same air traffic situations. Comparison of the patterns of pilots' avoidance maneuvers made when using the perspective traffic display with those made while using more conventional plan-view displays has shown that pilots maneuvered somewhat earlier with perspective displays. And when they did, they maneuvered more frequently in the vertical dimension. Thus, the previously observed bias to maneuver horizontally is probably not based on the “procedural reasons” often given. It probably refects the poorer presentation of vertical separation on previously used traffic displays.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Sutton
Keyword(s):  
Federal Government ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Executive Branch ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Race Discrimination ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legislative Branch ◽  
One Step ◽  
Over Time

This section introduces the topic by explaining the role that structure plays in protecting liberty and property rights. As illustrations, it explains how federalism offers a role for states and the national government to play in addressing pandemics, race discrimination, and criminal law. It explains how the states and federal government have adopted increasingly different forms of government over time. It then introduces the parts. Part I deals with the judicial branch. The second part of the book looks at current issues facing the executive branch in the state and federal systems. The third part of the book deals with the legislative branch. The fourth part of the book, all in Chapter 9, takes vertical separation of powers one step further: federalism within federalism. The fifth part of the book, all in Chapter 10, addresses the ultimate recourse of liberty: the freedom to change our fifty-one constitutions.

scholarly journals Influence of Propeller Overlap on Large-Scale Tandem UAV Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 245-260
Author(s):  
Adrian B. Weishäupl ◽  
Stephen D. Prior
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Hovering Flight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Aerial Vehicle

This paper investigates the interference that arises from overlapping Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) propellers during hovering flight. The tests have been conducted on [Formula: see text] ultralight carbon fiber propellers using a bespoke mount and the RCBenchmark Series 1780 dynamometer at various degrees of overlap [Formula: see text] and vertical separation [Formula: see text]. A great deal of confusion regarding the losses that are associated with mounting propellers in a co-axial configuration is reported in the literature, with a summary of historical tandem helicopters having been conducted. The results highlight a region of beneficial overlap (0–20%), which has the potential to be advantageous to a wide range of UAVs.

The Vertical Visual Field and Implications for the Head-Up Display

1992 ◽  
Vol 36 (18) ◽  
pp. 1408-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin Martin-Emerson ◽  
Christopher D. Wickens
Keyword(s):  
Head Movements ◽  
Vertical Separation ◽  
Visual Scanning ◽  
Performance Loss ◽  
Discrete Response ◽  
Dual Task Performance ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Access Information ◽  
Response Task ◽  
The Cost

The present study evaluated dual-task performance as a function of the vertical separation between a tracking task and a discrete-response task, to provide data relevant to the positioning of aircraft head-up display (HUD) information. The data were consistent with Sanders” (1970) research on visual scanning where a nonlinear decrease in performance as a function of the horizontal separation between two displays was observed. Performance is equivalent across a range of visual angles from superimposition to 6.4° vertical separation between displays. The cost to performance is increased for moderate vertical separations (9.6° to 22.5°) where visual scanning is required. At larger separations, the performance cost increases linearly with visual angle, where head movements may begin to supplement eye movements in order to access information. The function which describes the cost of vertical separation was observed to be larger at both small and moderate visual angles when the information in the two displays required integration. The data suggest that nonconformal HUD information may be placed a few degrees down from a superimposed position without a significant performance loss.

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