Control of tracheid cross-sectional dimensions in Norway spruce and Scots pine wood raw material

The pipe model approach was compared with foliage biomass models by using the cross-sectional area at the tree crown base for predicting foliage biomass of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). We evaluated the impacts of site type, fertilization, and climate on the relationship between foliage biomass and cross-sectional area at the tree crown base, referred as to the pipe model ratio. Our hypotheses were that (i) the pipe model approach is a more precise and accurate method for foliage prediction than the traditional biomass models and (ii) the pipe model ratio for foliage does not explicitly depend on any single environmental driver. Data used here consisted of felled trees from Finnish and Swedish biomass studies. These data were analyzed by linear mixed models with different covariates, and the uncertainties of different modelling approaches were evaluated. The pipe model outperformed other models for Scots pine but not for Norway spruce. Results showed larger pipe model ratios for Scots pine in herb-rich forests compared with those of trees in subxeric heath forest. Results from fertilized trees indicated that the addition of nitrogen temporarily increased foliage biomass.

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Importance of the Moisture Content of Large-Sized Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Roundwood in Its Road Transport

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12070879 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (7) ◽

pp. 879

Author(s):

Paweł Kozakiewicz ◽

Łukasz Tymendorf ◽

Grzegorz Trzciński

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Side Surface ◽

Raw Material ◽

Average Moisture Content ◽

Transport Parameters ◽

Wood Moisture ◽

Pine Wood ◽

Large Size

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most important forest tree species in Europe, and its wood is a main raw material in the wood industry of many countries of the region. The high variability of pine wood density in connection with its moisture content is a challenge in transport operations. An important part of the roundwood transport of pine wood by trucks is the transport of large-size roundwood (sawlogs). As part of the research, an analysis was carried out of the influence of absolute wood moisture content, determined in various ways, on selected truck transport parameters of large-size pine wood. The analyses of the supply of wood to a large sawmill in northern Poland took into account different seasons. The results indicate that the average moisture content of the transported pine wood is at a level of approximately 95% (determined by dry weight) and the density at 0.878 Mg m−3 (determined using the stereometric method). Quick measurement with the use of a resistance hygrometer gives significantly lower results both on the side surface and on the cross-cut end of the log. Regardless of the method of measurement, the absolute moisture content of wood in loads depends on the date of delivery (season), which is reflected in the variability of the density and weight of the loads. The indicated strong correlations between the selected, tested characteristics of roundwood transports are important for forestry practice too. It is the possibility of using the methods of quick determination of fresh wood moisture to estimate the density of wood and to predict and determine the mass of the load.

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Comparison of results between visual and machine strength grading of Polish-grown pine timber (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the Baltic Forestry Region

Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0014.3676 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 110 ◽

pp. 9-15

Author(s):

Sławomir Krzosek ◽

Izabela Burawska-Kupniewska ◽

Piotr Mańkowski ◽

Marek Grześkiewicz ◽

Radosław Mirski

Keyword(s):

Pinus Sylvestris ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Raw Material ◽

Pine Wood ◽

Comparison Of Results ◽

Analysis Of Results ◽

The Baltic ◽

Machine Strength

Comparison of results between visual and machine strength grading of Polish-grown pine timber (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the Baltic Forestry Region. The paper presents the analysis of results of strength grading of Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) with two different methods: visual and machine strength grading, conducted on raw material from the Baltic Forestry Region. Visual strength grading was carried out in accordance with PN-D-94021:2013, while machine strength grading was performed with the use of the MTG device by a Dutch company, Brookhuis Electronics BV. The machine assisted method of timber strength grading proved to be more efficient, resulting in a higher amount of timber in the C30 class (28.7%) than in the best (KW) class after visual strength grading (3.3%). On the basis of the conducted tests, it has been confirmed that machine strength grading results in very few (6.0%) rejected timber pieces. At the same time, there have been cases of timber pieces that hadn't been classified in any of the classes or rejected during machine strength grading. Such pieces were treated as rejected.

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Growth Responses of Boreal Scots Pine, Norway Spruce and Silver Birch Seedlings to Simulated Climate Warming over Three Growing Seasons in a Controlled Field Experiment

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11090943 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 943

Author(s):

Katri Nissinen ◽

Virpi Virjamo ◽

Antti Kilpeläinen ◽

Veli-Pekka Ikonen ◽

Laura Pikkarainen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Root Biomass ◽

Growing Season ◽

Silver Birch ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Simulated Climate ◽

Shoot And Root Biomass

We studied the growth responses of boreal Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings to simulated climate warming of an average of 1.3 °C over the growing season in a controlled field experiment in central Finland. We had six replicate plots for elevated and ambient temperature for each tree species. The warming treatment lasted for the conifers for three growing seasons and for the birch two growing seasons. We measured the height and diameter growth of all the seedlings weekly during the growing season. The shoot and root biomass and their ratios were measured annually in one-third of seedlings harvested from each plot in autumn. After two growing seasons, the height, diameter and shoot biomass were 45%, 19% and 41% larger in silver birch seedlings under the warming treatment, but the root biomass was clearly less affected. After three growing seasons, the height, diameter, shoot and root biomass were under a warming treatment 39, 47, 189 and 113% greater in Scots pine, but the root:shoot ratio 29% lower, respectively. The corresponding responses of Norway spruce to warming were clearly smaller (e.g., shoot biomass 46% higher under a warming treatment). As a comparison, the relative response of height growth in silver birch was after two growing seasons equal to that measured in Scots pine after three growing seasons. Based on our findings, especially silver birch seedlings, but also Scots pine seedlings benefitted from warming, which should be taken into account in forest regeneration in the future.

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Experimental tests of PVD AlCrN-coated planer knives on planing Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) under industrial conditions

European Journal of Wood and Wood Products ◽

10.1007/s00107-021-01660-y ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Krzysztof Nadolny ◽

Wojciech Kapłonek ◽

Marzena Sutowska ◽

Paweł Sutowski ◽

Piotr Myśliński ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Research Work ◽

Experimental Tests ◽

Technical Condition ◽

Cutting Edge ◽

Raw Material ◽

Edge Condition ◽

Wear Area ◽

Pine Wood ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Machining Operations

AbstractRaw pine wood processing and especially its mechanical processing constitute a significant share among technological operations leading to obtaining a finished product. Stable implementation of machining operations, ensuring long-term repeatable processing results depends on many factors, such as quality and invariability of raw material, technical condition of technological equipment, adopted parameters of work, qualifications and experience of operators, as well as preparation and properties of the machining tools used. It seems that the greatest potential in the search for opportunities to increase the efficiency of machining operations has the modification of machining tools used in it. This paper presents the results of research work aimed at determining how the life of cutting tools used in planing operations of wet pine wood is affected by the application of chromium aluminum nitride (AlCrN) coating to planar industrial planing knives in the process of physical vapour deposition. For this purpose operational tests were carried out under production conditions in a medium-sized wood processing company. The study compares the effective working time, rounding radius, the profile along the knife (size of worn edge displacement, wear area of the cutting edge), selected texture parameters of the planar industrial planing knife rake face and visual analyses of cutting edge condition of AlCrN-coated planar knives and unmodified ones. The obtained experimental results showed the possibility of increasing the life of AlCrN-coated knives up to 154% compared to the results obtained with uncoated ones. The proposed modification of the operational features of the knives does not involve any changes in the technological process of planing, does not require any interference with the machining station nor its parameters, therefore enabling rapid and easy implementation into industrial practice.

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The effects of soil and air temperature on CO2 exchange and net biomass accumulation in Norway spruce, Scots pine and silver birch seedlings

Tree Physiology ◽

10.1093/treephys/tps007 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 32 (6) ◽

pp. 724-736 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

J. Pumpanen ◽

J. Heinonsalo ◽

T. Rasilo ◽

J. Villemot ◽

H. Ilvesniemi

Keyword(s):

Norway Spruce ◽

Scots Pine ◽

Air Temperature ◽

Biomass Accumulation ◽

Co2 Exchange ◽

Silver Birch

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Should Weights and Risk Categories Be Used for Inspection Scores To Evaluate Food Safety in Restaurants?

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-292 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 79 (3) ◽

pp. 501-506 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

DIOGO THIMOTEO da CUNHA ◽

VERIDIANA VERA de ROSSO ◽

ELKE STEDEFELDT

Keyword(s):

Food Safety ◽

Food Service ◽

Safety Evaluation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Raw Material ◽

Risk Category ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Evaluation Bias ◽

Risk Categories ◽

Food Safety Evaluation

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to verify the characteristics of food safety inspections, considering risk categories and binary scores. A cross-sectional study was performed with 439 restaurants in 43 Brazilian cities. A food safety checklist with 177 items was applied to the food service establishments. These items were classified into four groups (R1 to R4) according to the main factors that can cause outbreaks involving food: R1, time and temperature aspects; R2, direct contamination; R3, water conditions and raw material; and R4, indirect contamination (i.e., structures and buildings). A score adjusted for 100 was calculated for the overall violation score and the violation score for each risk category. The average violation score (standard deviation) was 18.9% (16.0), with an amplitude of 0.0 to 76.7%. Restaurants with a low overall violation score (approximately 20%) presented a high number of violations from the R1 and R2 groups, representing the most risky violations. Practical solutions to minimize this evaluation bias were discussed. Food safety evaluation should use weighted scores and be risk-based. However, some precautions must be taken by researchers, health inspectors, and health surveillance departments to develop an adequate and reliable instrument.

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