scholarly journals Importance of the Moisture Content of Large-Sized Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) Roundwood in Its Road Transport

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 879
Author(s):  
Paweł Kozakiewicz ◽  
Łukasz Tymendorf ◽  
Grzegorz Trzciński

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) is one of the most important forest tree species in Europe, and its wood is a main raw material in the wood industry of many countries of the region. The high variability of pine wood density in connection with its moisture content is a challenge in transport operations. An important part of the roundwood transport of pine wood by trucks is the transport of large-size roundwood (sawlogs). As part of the research, an analysis was carried out of the influence of absolute wood moisture content, determined in various ways, on selected truck transport parameters of large-size pine wood. The analyses of the supply of wood to a large sawmill in northern Poland took into account different seasons. The results indicate that the average moisture content of the transported pine wood is at a level of approximately 95% (determined by dry weight) and the density at 0.878 Mg m−3 (determined using the stereometric method). Quick measurement with the use of a resistance hygrometer gives significantly lower results both on the side surface and on the cross-cut end of the log. Regardless of the method of measurement, the absolute moisture content of wood in loads depends on the date of delivery (season), which is reflected in the variability of the density and weight of the loads. The indicated strong correlations between the selected, tested characteristics of roundwood transports are important for forestry practice too. It is the possibility of using the methods of quick determination of fresh wood moisture to estimate the density of wood and to predict and determine the mass of the load.

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Millers

As the tree age increases, the formation of heartwood takes place in the central part of the tree. Since there is a large difference in the moisture content between sapwood and heartwood in conifers, the proportion of heartwood expressed in percentage is one of the most important factors influencing the average moisture of trunk wood. The aim of the research was to find out the changes in parameters of heartwood proportion and the changes in average trunk wood moisture parameters, depending on the age of the tree. To evaluate and compare the heartwood proportion in pine and spruce trunk and its moisture, sample plots were established throughout the territory of Latvia in 2011. These sample plots were established in stands of different ages (37–143 years). The total number of sample plots was 61–29 for pines with 246 sample trees and 32 sample plots for spruces with 270 sample trees. With the increase in the tree age from 60 to 140 years, the heartwood proportion increases and the average moisture content of trunk wood decreases. With an increase of the heartwood proportion in pine from 18% to 39%, the average moisture of trunk wood decreases from 108% to 86%, but with an increase of the heartwood proportion in spruce from 30% to 49%, the average moisture content of trunk wood decreases from 107% to 81%.  


2020 ◽  
Vol 110 ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Sławomir Krzosek ◽  
Izabela Burawska-Kupniewska ◽  
Piotr Mańkowski ◽  
Marek Grześkiewicz ◽  
Radosław Mirski

Comparison of results between visual and machine strength grading of Polish-grown pine timber (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the Baltic Forestry Region. The paper presents the analysis of results of strength grading of Scots pine wood (Pinus sylvestris L.) with two different methods: visual and machine strength grading, conducted on raw material from the Baltic Forestry Region. Visual strength grading was carried out in accordance with PN-D-94021:2013, while machine strength grading was performed with the use of the MTG device by a Dutch company, Brookhuis Electronics BV. The machine assisted method of timber strength grading proved to be more efficient, resulting in a higher amount of timber in the C30 class (28.7%) than in the best (KW) class after visual strength grading (3.3%). On the basis of the conducted tests, it has been confirmed that machine strength grading results in very few (6.0%) rejected timber pieces. At the same time, there have been cases of timber pieces that hadn't been classified in any of the classes or rejected during machine strength grading. Such pieces were treated as rejected.


2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrida Pliopaitė Bataitienė ◽  
Donatas Butkus

Artificial radionuclides entered the environment mostly as a result of nuclear explosions, accidents at nuclear power plants and are entering due to the operation of the nuclear industry. After entering the environment, radionuclides spread globally at the world level, affect all environmental components and accumulate here. One of such environmental components is the tree. It, as if a historical chronicle, fixes the previous contamination and the former climatic conditions. One of the ways to read that chronicle is to estimate the radionuclide soil‐to‐tree transfer factors and coefficients. This work presents and analyses the experimental data of a study on the transfer of radionuclides from the soil to Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). The report investigates the transfer of 90Sr and 137Cs from a soil layer of 0–20 cm to Scots pine wood. For investigation, Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) was selected. Its growing site is in Alytus district, in a woody territory, where it falls into an increased radioactive contamination patch. On this growing site, sandy soils are prevailing. It is identified that 90Sr transfer factor to the pinewood under study ranges from 0.005 ± 0.002 to 0.315 ± 0.002, and transfer coefficients from (0.2 ± 0.1) •10–4 to (4.0 ± 0.6) •10–4m2/kg. Meanwhile, the coefficients of 137Cs transfer from the soil to Scots pine wood ranges from – (4.0 ± 1.0) • 10–4 m2/kg to (8.0 ± 2.0) • 10–4 m2/kg. The identified mean transfer coefficients of 137Cs are approximately five times higher than mean coefficients of 90Sr transfer from soil to wood. Santrauka Dirbtines kilmes radionuklidai daugiausiai i aplinka pasklido del vykdytu branduoliniu sprogdinimu, avariju atominese elektrinese ir tebepatenka veikiant branduolinei pramonei. Pateke i aplinka, radionuklidai globaliai pasklinda ir veikia visus aplinkos komponentus bei juose kaupiasi. Vienas iš tokiu aplinkos komponentu yra medis. Jis tarsi istorijos metraštis fiksuoja buvusia užtarša ir buvusias klimatines salygas. Vienas iš būdu perskaityti ši metrašti – radionuklidu pernašos iš dirvožemio i medi faktoriu ar koeficientu vertinimas. Darbe pateikiami ir analizuojami eksperimentiniai radionuklidu pernašos iš dirvožemio i paprastaja puši (Pinus sylvestris L.) duomenys. Nagrinejama 90Sr ir 137Cs pernaša iš 0–20 cm dirvožemio sluoksnio i paprastosios pušies mediena. Tirti parinkta paprastoji pušis (Pinus sylvestris L.). Jos augaviete yra Alytaus apskrityje miškingoje teritorijoje, kuri patenka i didesnes radioaktyviosios užtaršos zona. Šioje augavieteje vyrauja priesmelio tipo dirvožemiai. Nustatyta, kad 90Sr pernašos i tiriamaja pušies mediena faktorius kinta nuo 0,005±0,002 iki 0,315±0,002, o pernašos koeficientai – nuo (0,2 ± 0,1)•10–4 iki (4,0±0,6)•10–4 m2/kg. 137Cs pernašos iš dirvožemio i paprastosios pušies mediena koeficientai kinta nuo (4,0±1,0)•10–4 m2/kg iki (8,0±2,0)•10–4 m2/kg. Nustatyti 137Cs pernašos vidutiniai koeficientai yra apytiksliai 5 kartus didesni nei vidutiniai 90Sr pernašos iš dirvožemio i mediena koeficientai. Резюме Искусственные радионуклиды в окружающей среде появились вследствие ядерных взрывов, аварий на атомных электростанциях и выпадений при работе ядерной промышленности. Радионуклиды распространяются в атмосфере и накапливаются в компонентах окружающей среды. Одним из компонентов окружающей среды являются деревья. Они как бы записывают историю случившегося загрязнения окружающей среды и климатические условия прошлого. Один из способов прочтения такого ежегодника – изучение факторов или коэффициентов переноса радионуклидов из почвы в деревья. В статье анализируются экспериментальные данные о поступлении радионуклидов в сосну (Pinus sylvestris L.) из почвы. Изучается перенос 90Sr и 137Cs из слоя почвы толщиной 0–20 см в компоненты сосны. Местом роста анализируемой сосны (Pinus sylvestris L.) послужила лесная местность в Алитусском районе, в которой после Чернобыльской катастрофы зафиксировано повышенное радиоактивное загрязнение. На этом участке доминирует супесь. Было установлено, что фактор передачи 90Sr из почвы в сосну варьирует от 0,005±0,002 до 0,315±0,002, а коэффициенты – от (0,2 ± 0,1) · 10–4 до (4,0±0,6) · 10 –4 m 2 /кg. Коэффициент переноса 137Cs из почвы в древесину сосны варьирует от (4,0±1,0) · 10–4 m 2 /kg до (8.0±2.0) · 10–4 m 2 /кg. Установлено, что средний коэффициент переноса 137Cs из почвы в древесину сосны (Pinus sylvestris L.) примерно в 5 раз больше, чем коэффициент переноса 90Sr.


Teknomekanik ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-19
Author(s):  
M Saddikin ◽  
Hendri Nurdin ◽  
Primawati Primawati

The raw materials of the timber industry, especially furniture, are increasingly difficult to obtain in the quantity and quality needed. The development efforts carried out were utilizing Nipah coir waste as a raw material for making particle boards. Particle boards are panel boards made of wood particles or materials containing lignocellulose. Nipah plants contain 27.3% lignin and 36.5% cellulose which has the potential to be used as raw material for particleboard production. This study aims to reveal the physical and mechanical properties of particleboards made from Nipah fruit fibre with adhesive using tapioca flour. The making of particle board is done with a ratio of 90%: 10%, 80%: 20%, 70%: 30%, 60%: 40%, by giving a pressure of 100 kg / cm2. Particle testing is carried out according to the JIS A 5908 standard (2003). From this study, the optimum results were obtained in variations of 60%:40%. The particle physical properties which have an average density value of 1.15 gr / cm3 and an average moisture content of 5.8%. While the mechanical properties obtained by the value of Modulus of Elasticity an average of 21,188.93 kg / cm2. This shows the particle board variations of 60%: 40% produced to meet the JIS A 5908 (2003) standard. Based on the analysis of the quality variations 60%: 40% of particle boards can be recommended as raw materials for interior furniture.


Holzforschung ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tristan Stienen ◽  
Olaf Schmidt ◽  
Tobias Huckfeldt

Abstract Some of the most important indoor wood-decay basidiomycetes were investigated in Erlenmeyer flask experiments, in which 50 Pinus sylvestris sapwood samples with moisture content (MC) of 16% were piled, in view of the parallel influence of wood moisture and temperature on decay in buildings. In the piles, the moisture flow from the liquid at the bottom was interrupted by a metal ring at layer 7. Laboratory incubations with Antrodia xantha, Coniophora puteana, Donkioporia expansa, and Gloeophyllum abietinum over the temperature range of 10°C–25°C showed that fungi are able to colonize, moisten, and thereafter degrade wood samples below fiber saturation, if a moisture source nearby is available. In extreme cases, mycelium grew on wood with 17.4% final MC, and wood mass loss of more than 2% occurred at 24.6% moisture.


Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Åsa Rydell ◽  
Mikael Bergström ◽  
Torbjörn Elowson

Abstract The durability of 566 Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) samples was tested during a period of 9 years of exposure to weather in Sweden. The parameters investigated were heartwood/sapwood, origin, surface treatment, end-seal, storage and drying method, annual ring width and density. The weight was measured on 67 occasions during 9 years in order to assess the moisture content of the samples. The mass loss was determined for each sample at the end of the trial. Sapwood had a higher moisture uptake and a higher mass loss compared with heartwood. Even if sapwood was painted with an impermeable paint and then end-sealed, it still had higher average moisture content than heartwood. The results also demonstrated that sapwood was more sensitive to different handling conditions than heartwood. Sapwood was sensitive to air-drying and water storage, which was evident in the higher moisture uptake. In terms of mass loss, some differences were evident but they were not statistically significant due to the large standard deviation of the sapwood samples from water-stored logs. The only positive influence of water storage was on samples end-dipped in oil. One explanation could be that water storage led to increased permeability due to bacterial attack, which in turn enhanced the penetration of the oil. Heartwood had low and stable moisture dynamics during the test period, almost independent of treatment or handling conditions. No correlation with moisture uptake or mass loss was evident among annual ring width, origin or density.


Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas K. Bader ◽  
Karin Hofstetter ◽  
Gry Alfredsen ◽  
Susanne Bollmus

Abstract Fungal degradation alters the microstructure of wood and its physical and chemical properties are also changed. While these changes are well investigated as a function of mass loss, mass density loss and changes in equilibrium moisture content are not well elucidated. The physical and chemical alterations are crucial when linking microstructural characteristics with macroscopic mechanical properties. In the present article, a consistent set of physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics is presented, which were measured on the same sample before and after fungal degradation. In the first part of this two-part contribution, elucidating microstructure/stiffness-relationships of degraded wood, changes in physical and chemical data are presented, which were collected from specimens of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) sapwood degraded by Gloeophyllum trabeum (brown rot) and Trametes versicolor (white rot) for up to 28 weeks degradation time. A comparison of mass loss with corresponding mass density loss demonstrated that mass loss entails two effects: firstly, a decrease in sample size (more pronounced for G. trabeum), and secondly, a decrease of mass density within the sample (more pronounced for T. versicolor). These two concurrent effects are interrelated with sample size and shape. Hemicelluloses and cellulose are degraded by G. trabeum, while T. versicolor was additionally able to degrade lignin. In particular because of the breakdown of hemicelluloses and paracrystalline parts of cellulose, the equilibrium moisture content of degraded samples is lower than that in the initial state.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document