Soil compaction effects on soil bulk density and penetration resistance and growth of spring barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)

Halde, C., Hammermeister, A. M., McLean, N. L., Webb, K. T. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Soil compaction under varying rest periods and levels of mechanical disturbance in a rotational grazing system. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 957–964. In Atlantic Canada, data are limited regarding the effect of grazing systems on soil compaction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of intensive and extensive rotational pasture management treatments on soil bulk density, soil penetration resistance, forage productivity and litter accumulation. The study was conducted on a fine sandy loam pasture in Truro, Nova Scotia. Each of the eight paddocks was divided into three rotational pasture management treatments: intensive, semi-intensive and extensive. Mowing and clipping were more frequent in the intensive than in the semi-intensive treatment. In the extensive treatment, by virtue of grazing in alternate rotations, the rest period was doubled than that of the intensive and semi-intensive treatments. Both soil bulk density (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–25.5 cm) were significantly higher in the intensive treatment than in the extensive treatment, for all seasons. Over winter, bulk density decreased significantly by 6.8 and 3.8% at 0–5 and 5–10 cm, respectively. A decrease ranging between 40.5 and 4.0% was observed for soil penetration resistance over winter, at 0–1.5 cm and 24.0–25.5 cm, respectively. The intensive and semi-intensive treatments produced significantly more available forage for grazers annually than the extensive treatment. Forage yields in late May to early June were negatively correlated with spring bulk density.

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Effect of Soil Compaction and Bulk Density on the Growth and Yield of Soybean (Glycine max) on Sandy Clay Loam Soil of the Semi-arid Region of Northern Nigeria as Influenced by Tractor Wheel Traffic

Journal of Agriculture and Ecology Research International ◽

10.9734/jaeri/2019/v18i130048 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Abdu Dauda ◽

Bukar Usman

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Soil Moisture Content ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Clay Loam Soil ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Semi Arid Region

Soil compaction from farm machinery is an environmental problem. The effect of compaction on plant growth and yield depends on the crop grown and the environmental conditions that crop encounters. The effect of compaction from tractor traffic on soybean (Glycine max), variety TGX1448-2E, on a sandy clay loam soil in the semi-arid region of northern Nigeria was investigated for two growing seasons, 2015 and 2016. A randomized complete block design of the field of plots with treatments of 0,5,10, 15 and 20 passes of a tractor MF 390 was used. Each treatment was replicated three times. The soil bulk density, penetration resistance and soil moisture content for each applied load were measured and the yield from each treatment was determined. Agronomic treatments were kept the same for all plots in both 2015 and 2016. Results showed increased soil bulk density, penetration resistance and soil moisture content with increased tractor passes. Highest grain yield was obtained at 5 tractor passes with a mean bulk density of 1.76 Mgm,-3 penetration resistance 1.70 MPa and moisture content 13.37% with a mean yield of 2568 kgha-1 and lowest was obtained from 20 tractor passes were 340 kgha-1. Statistical models were used to predict yield as a function of bulk density, penetration resistance, moisture content, contact pressure, and a number of tractor traffic passes. Grain yield with respect to moisture content gave the best yield prediction (r2 = 0.94).

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An Assessment of Soil Compaction after Logging Operations in Central Amazonia

Forest Science ◽

10.1093/forsci/fxz070 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 66 (2) ◽

pp. 230-241

Author(s):

Daniel DeArmond ◽

João B S Ferraz ◽

Fabiano Emmert ◽

Adriano José Nogueira Lima ◽

Niro Higuchi

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Amazon Basin ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Central Amazonia ◽

Log Skidding

Abstract In the forests of the Amazon Basin, there are still few studies on soil compaction caused by logging activities. This study evaluated an operation located on the property of a timber company in Central Amazonia, which uses harvesting techniques based on the harvesting system developed by the Centre for Agricultural Research in Suriname. The timber-extraction method employed by the timber company consists of three activities: (1) skid trail construction with a track-type tractor, (2) log winching with a winch attached to the tractor, and (3) log skidding with a rubber-tired skidder. Soil bulk density and soil penetration resistance were quantified to 20 cm in depth. After a single tractor ingress and egress for trail construction, the soil incurred an increased root growth-limiting bulk density and penetration resistance. However, log winching did not cause significant soil compaction. The conclusions of the study were: (1) the greatest impact from this harvesting system came from the skid trail construction, (2) the technique of log winching limited forest floor compaction and disturbance that damages forest regeneration, and (3) log skidding during dry soil conditions limited increases in compaction and track formation.

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A Comparison of Soil Compaction Associated with Four Ground-Based Harvesting Systems

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/28.4.194 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 194-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oscar Bustos ◽

Andrew Egan

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Forest Soils ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Group Selection ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Soil Productivity ◽

Equipment Selection ◽

Farm Tractor ◽

Harvesting Systems

Abstract A study of soil compaction associated with four harvesting systems—a forwarder working with a mechanized harvester and a rubber-tired cable skidder, a farm tractor, and a bulldozer, each of them coupled with a chainsaw felling—was conducted in a group selection harvest of a mixed hardwood stand in Maine. The bulldozer system was associated with the highest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (16.9%), trail centerlines (15.7%), and harvested group selection units (13.1%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas, whereas the forwarder system was associated with the lowest percentage differences in soil bulk density measured in machine tracks (3.5%), trail centerlines (1.2%), and harvested group selection units (6.3%) versus adjacent untrafficked areas. Results will help to inform loggers and foresters on equipment selection, harvest planning, and the conservation of forest soils and soil productivity.

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Soil bulk density effects on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities during the growth of maize (Zea mays L.) planted in large pots under field exposure

Canadian Journal of Soil Science ◽

10.4141/s01-026 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 82 (2) ◽

pp. 147-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

C. H. Li ◽

B. L. Ma ◽

T. Q. Zhang

Keyword(s):

Zea Mays ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Enzyme Activities ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Microbial Population ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Microbial Populations ◽

Growth Stages ◽

Soil Microbial ◽

Plant Growth Stages

Soil compaction associated with inappropriate maneuvering of field equipment, and/or modern cropping system negatively affect soil physical properties, and thus, may limit microbial activities and biochemical processes, which are important to nutrient bioavailability. An experiment was carried out using the pot-culture technique to determine the effect of bulk density on soil microbial populations and enzyme activities in an Eutric Cambisol sandy loam soil (United Nations’ classification) planted with maize (Zea mays L.) in the Experimental Farm of Henan Agricultural University, Henan, China (34°49′N, 113°40′E). Numbers of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes and the enzyme activities of invertase, polyphenol oxidase, catalase, urease, protease, and phosphatase were determined at various stages during the plant growing season. Microbial numbers were negatively and linearly related to soil bulk density. With increases in soil bulk density from 1.00 to 1.60 Mg m-3, total numbers of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes declined by 26-39%. The strongest correlations between the soil microbial population and bulk density occurred at the plant growth stages of the 6 fully expanded leaf (V6) and anthesis (R1), with R2 > 0.90 (P< 0.01) for all three microorganism categories. Increasing soil bulk density was related quadratically to the activities of soil invertase and polyphenol oxidase, protease and catalase. It appears that the greatest activities of most soil enzymes occurred at a bulk density of 1.0 to 1.3 Mg m-3, which are optimum for most field crops. The plant growth stages also had an important impact on soil enzyme activities and microbial populations, with strong positive associations between soil microorganisms and enzyme activities with crop growth. Key words: Maize, soil enzymes, microbial population, soil compaction, bulk density, Zea mays

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Soil Bulk Density and Penetration Resistance under Different Tillage and Crop Management Systems and Their Relationship with Barley Root Growth

Agronomy Journal ◽

10.2134/agronj2003.5260 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 95 (3) ◽

pp. 526-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

J. Lampurlanés ◽

C. Cantero‐Martínez

Keyword(s):

Root Growth ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Crop Management ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Barley Root ◽

Management Systems ◽

Crop Management Systems

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Forest Soil Compaction: Effect of Multiple Passes and Loadings on Wheel Track Surface Soil Bulk Density

Northern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/njaf/5.2.120 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 120-123 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Stephen G. Shetron ◽

John A. Sturos ◽

Eunice Padley ◽

Carl Trettin

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Surface Soil ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Northern Red Oak ◽

Wheel Drive ◽

Density Values ◽

Track Surface ◽

Four Wheel Drive ◽

Wheel Track

Abstract The change in wheel track surface soil bulk densities was determined after a mechanized thinning in a northern red oak stand. Mean bulk density values of the 0 to 5 cm surface of the wheel tracks immediately after felling, bunching, and skidding were: 0.80 g/cc on the high use areas; 0.77 g/cc on the low use areas; and 0.42 g/cc in the undisturbed areas. No significant differences in surface soil bulk densities were found between several loading treatments using a four-wheel drive articulated forwarder. The data indicate that initial passes of the equipment produce most of the disturbance. No significant recovery in wheel track soil bulk densities occurred during the year following harvest regardless of treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:120-123, June 1988.

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Silage maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings emergence as influenced by soil compaction treatments and contact pressures

Plant Soil and Environment ◽

10.17221/3588-pse ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 51 (No, 7) ◽

pp. 289-295 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

O.F. Taser ◽

O. Kara

Keyword(s):

Bulk Density ◽

Contact Pressure ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Mean Value ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Silage Maize ◽

Loam Soil ◽

Contact Pressures

Soil compaction caused by mechanical force affects the vegetative and generative plant growth. Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of soil compaction treatments and soil contact pressures on bulk density, penetration resistance and silage maize emergence in a clay-loam soil. Soil compaction treatments were applied while planting as follows: Compaction on furrow surface (F-surface), compaction on furrow bottom (F-bottom), compaction on inter row (I-row), and non-extra compaction as a control (C). The soil contact pressures of 0.025, 0.051 and 0.076 MPa were applied while the control was 0.0085 MPa. Significant differences between soil compaction treatments and contact pressures were recorded in bulk density, penetration resistance and silage maize emergence. Percentage of emerged seedlings increased as the soil contact pressure was increased slightly. The lowest mean percentage of emerged seedlings (52.63%) was obtained with 0.076 MPa contact pressure in F-surface treatment and the highest mean value (81.58%) was obtained with 0.025 MPa contact pressure in F-bottom compaction treatment. The control treatment gave the 69% mean value under the non-irrigated condition.

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Modeling and correction of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v36n3p449-459/2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 449-459 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Wininton M. da Silva ◽

Aloísio Bianchini ◽

Cesar A. da Cunha

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Linear Models ◽

Clay Soil ◽

Penetration Resistance ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Good Representation ◽

Soil Resistance ◽

Soil Penetration Resistance ◽

Resistance Value

ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the behavior of models for adjusting data of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density. The study was carried out in Lucas do Rio Verde, MT, Brazil in a typic dystrophic red-yellow Latosol (Oxisol) containing 0.366 kg kg−1 of clay. Soil penetration resistance measurements were conducted in the soil moistures of 0.33 kg kg−1, 0.28 kg kg−1, 0.25 kg kg−1 and 0.22 kg kg−1. Soil penetration resistance behavior due to variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density was assessed by estimating the soil resistance values by non-linear models. There was an increase of the soil penetration resistance values as soil was losing moisture. For the same edaphic condition studied, small differences in the data of soil bulk density affect differently the response of soil resistance as a function of moisture. Both soil bulk density and soil moisture are essential attributes to explain the variations in soil penetration resistance in the field. The good representation of the critical soil bulk density curve as a limiting compression indicator requires the proper choice of the restrictive soil resistance value for each crop.

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Aspen and white spruce productivity is reduced by organic matter removal and soil compaction

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc2012-058 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 88 (03) ◽

pp. 306-316 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Richard Kabzems

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Soil Properties ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Soil Compaction ◽

Forest Floor ◽

Mineral Soil ◽

White Spruce ◽

Soil Bulk Density ◽

Post Treatment ◽

Organic Matter Removal

Declines in forest productivity have been linked to losses of organic matter and soil porosity. To assess how removal of organic matter and soil compaction affect short-term ecosystem dynamics, pre-treatment and year 1, 5 and 10 post-treatment soil properties and post-treatment plant community responses were examined in a boreal trembling aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.)-dominated ecosystem in northeastern British Columbia. The experiment used a completely randomized design with three levels of organic matter removal (tree stems only; stems and slash; stems, slash and forest floor) and three levels of soil compaction (none, intermediate [2-cm impression], heavy [5-cm impression]). Removal of the forest floor initially stimulated aspen regeneration and significantly reduced height growth of aspen (198 cm compared to 472–480 cm) as well as white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) height (82 cm compared to 154–156 cm). The compaction treatments had no effect on aspen regeneration density. At Year 10, heights of both aspen and white spruce were negatively correlated with upper mineral soil bulk density and were lowest on forest floor + whole tree removal treatments. Recovery of soil properties was occurring in the 0 cm to 2 cm layer of mineral soil. Bulk density values for the 0 cm to 10 cm depth remained above 86% of the maximum bulk density for the site, a soil condition where reduced tree growth can be expected.

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