From civil war to proxy war: past history and current dilemmas

AbstractThis article examines the everyday practices of historical reflection, recollection, and reconstruction as revealed in diaries of the Leningrad Blockade. In particular, it focuses on how Leningraders who chose to keep diaries of their experiences worked to make sense of the siege by situating it historically and comparing it to two other historical moments, the blockade of Petrograd during the Civil War and the siege of Sevastopol' during the Crimean War. Their evaluations of these historical analogies were based on a combination of personal and collective memories as well as on their understandings of state-sanctioned accounts of these events. Ultimately, these historical refl ections alerted the diarists to what they came to see as the unique and incomparable aspects of Blockade.

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Ukrainian Regime Change, Civil War, and the USA-Russia Proxy War

The World Disorder ◽

10.1007/978-3-030-03204-3_19 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 223-233

Author(s):

Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Regime Change ◽

Proxy War ◽

The Usa

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Civil war and proxy war

10.4324/9781003091271-8 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 121-141

Author(s):

Stefano Marcuzzi

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Proxy War

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Der griechische Bürgerkrieg 1946 bis 1949. Ereignisse und Erinnerungen / The Greek Civil War 1946 to 1949. Facts and Memories

Südost-Forschungen ◽

10.1515/sofo-2014-0106 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 90-119

Author(s):

Gustav Auernheimer

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Civil Wars ◽

Spanish Civil War ◽

Past History ◽

Historical Context ◽

Armed Struggle ◽

Memory Culture ◽

Long Time ◽

History Of ◽

Of Greece

Abstract This article is dealing with an important chapter in the history of Greece that has hitherto received very little attention by the German research community: the Greek civil war from 1947 to 1949, whose consequences left their mark on the Greek society for a long time. The topic has to be addressed through its classification in two contexts. First in a historical context that comprises the past history and foremost the conflicts without which the armed struggle probably would not have erupted. This also includes the posthistory and the dealings with the civil war in the memory culture and politics of history, from the 1950s to the present time. A comparison with a, in some respects, similar development concerning the Spanish civil war further examines the Greek example. The second context is a theoretical one. Although research rather tends to neglect civil wars vis-a-vis wars between states, there numerous approaches to the topic of civil wars, some of which are dealt with in this article. The summary examines to which degree they apply in the case of Greece.

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SYRIA: TERRORISM AS A CATALYST FOR PROXY WAR – THE CASE OF THE CIVIL WAR

Conflict Studies Quarterly ◽

10.24193/csq.36.2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

pp. 22-38

Author(s):

Patrycja Patrycja

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Middle East ◽

Soft Power ◽

Smart Power ◽

Terrorist Organizations ◽

Regional Powers ◽

Hard Power ◽

Self Interest ◽

Proxy War ◽

General Meaning

The general meaning of “proxy war” is the pursuit of one’s interests exploiting other actors. Measures to this end can be implemented in two ways: through hard and soft power. As far as countering the activities of terrorist organizations is concerned, it can be seen that self-interest is placed above efforts against terrorism. The civil war in Syria and the activities of terrorist organizations have become grounds for greater involvement of global powers in the struggle for gaining influence in the country. This paper aims to show the actions of global and regional powers and other state actors taken in an attempt to assert power and influence under the guise of the fight against terrorism. The paper is divided into two parts: theoretical and practical. The theoretical part discusses aspects related to Josepha Nye’s concept of “smart power” and the notions of “proxy war” and “proxy activities”. The practical part discusses the activities of international actors pursuing their interests through official involvement in the fight against Daesh in the Syrian territory. Keywords: proxy war, Middle East, soft power, hard power, Daesh, Syria

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The Syrian Conflict: Regional Dimensions and Implications

Journal International Studies ◽

10.32890/jis.10.2014.7948 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sherko Kirmanj

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Middle East ◽

Regional Effect ◽

Syrian Crisis ◽

Proxy War ◽

Gulf States ◽

Syrian Conflict ◽

External Actors

The Syrian conflict which started in March 2011 is well into its third year and its dimensions and implications are steadily moving beyond Syrian borders and the broader Middle East. Syria’s uprising has developed into a civil war between government forces and the opposition, motivated primarily by internal and external actors’ strategic and at times existential interests. This article examines the implications and dimensions of the Syrian crisis for the major actors in the region, including Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Lebanon, the Gulf States, Israel and the Kurds. It argues that pitting a Shiite Iran-Iraq-Syria-Hezbollah axis against a Sunni Turkey-Gulf states axis is the most significant geo-political regional effect of the Syrian crisis. What is more devastating is not the division of the region along sectarian lines but the proxy war between the Shiite and Sunni factions.

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Middle Eastern Proxy Wars Waged on the Background of Civil Wars

Vojenské rozhledy ◽

10.3849/2336-2995.30.2021.03.027-044 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 30 (3) ◽

pp. 27-44

Author(s):

Mirela Atanasiu

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Middle East ◽

International Law ◽

Civil Wars ◽

Middle Eastern ◽

Proxy War ◽

External Actors

The paper argues that proxy war is an increasingly often used tool in the Middle East, in the already conflicted territories where international involvement is not only enabled, but also attracted and encouraged by the international law for the purpose of region’s securitization. Thus, the paper’s aim is to increase awareness on the fact that the Middle Eastern countries passing through civil war periods and accepting external actors to deal with their crises do not only become fertile territories for proxy wars, but the intervening actors start pursuing their own interests beyond the host country’s interest in resolving the conflict.

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Civil War in Yemen

The Arab World and Western Intelligence ◽

10.3366/edinburgh/9780748698912.003.0006 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Dina Rezk

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

Civil War ◽

Arab World ◽

Master Plan ◽

Royal Family ◽

Guerrilla War ◽

Army Officers ◽

Proxy War ◽

Anglo American

In September 1962, a group of army officers led by Colonel Abdullah al Sallal overthrew the Hamid’Ud’Din royal family in Yemen. The coup provided just the occasion for Nasser to re-establish his credibility abroad as the vanguard of Arab revolution. Nasser immediately sent Egyptian troops to bolster the republican revolutionaries led by Sallal. They began a guerrilla war against royalist forces loyal to the deposed Imamate which was propped up by Saudi Arabia and the British. The Yemeni conflict quickly became a proxy war between these rival interests, causing a rift in the Anglo-American alliance and symbolising the division between ‘traditional’ dynasties against the ‘progressive’ republics in the Arab world. Analysts recognised that Nasser had no blueprint or master plan for revolution in Yemen and that he had underestimated the commitment the conflict would entail. Bound by his ‘face’ as the leader of Arab revolution, he was compelled to maintain support for the republicans despite the unassailable stalemate that ensued. Nevertheless, Nasser’s determination to capitalise on the protracted British withdrawal from Aden led to a revival of widespread hostility towards the nationalist.

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Tribes and Politics in Yemen

10.1093/oso/9780190673598.001.0001 ◽

2017 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Marieke Brandt

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

Historical Background ◽

Internal Conflict ◽

The Political ◽

Local Society ◽

Proxy War ◽

History Of ◽

Anthropological Fieldwork ◽

The 1960S ◽

Political Economic

Tribes and Politics in Yemen tells the story of the Houthi conflict in Sa’dah Province, Yemen, as seen through the eyes of the local tribes. The Houthi conflict, which erupted in 2004, is often defined through the lenses of either the Iranian-Saudi proxy war or the Sunni–Shia divide. Yet, as experienced by locals, the Houthi conflict is much more deeply rooted in the recent history of Sa’dah Province and northern Yemen. Its origins must be sought in the political, economic, social and sectarian transformations since the 1960s civil war and their repercussions on the local society, which is dominated by tribal norms. From the civil war to the Houthi conflict these transformations involve the same individuals, families and groups, and are driven by the same struggles over resources, prerogatives, and power. This book is based on years of anthropological fieldwork both on the ground and through digital anthropological approaches. It offers an intimate view of the local complexities of the Houthi conflict and its historical background. By doing so, it underscores the absolute imperative of understanding the highly local, personal, and non-ideological nature of internal conflict in Yemen.

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“We’re what we are because of the Past”: History, Memory, Nostalgia, and Identity in Walter Sullivan’s The Long, Long Love

American Studies in Scandinavia ◽

10.22439/asca.v46i2.5134 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 17-36

Author(s):

Tanfer Emin Tune

Keyword(s):

Civil War ◽

New South ◽

Past History ◽

Professional Life ◽

The South ◽

History And Memory ◽

The Past ◽

Two Generations ◽

American Intellectual ◽

Vanderbilt University

Walter Sullivan (1924–2006), a Nashville, Tennessee native who spent most of his academic and professional life at Vanderbilt University, is generally considered by critics as a literary descendent of the first two generations of Fugitive-Agrarians and the Southern Renaissance to which they belong. This essay seeks to position Sullivan’s second, largely forgotten novel, The Long, Long Love as part of the postagrarian, post-Renaissance, postmodern, and post-southern American intellectual reevaluation of the South that questions tradition through an assertion of “pro–New South, pro–urban, and pro–capitalist” values and thoroughly reconsiders Civil War “truths,” myths, history, and memory.

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