Physiological effects of a gill barnacle on host blue crabs during short‐term exercise and recovery

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 215-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew T. Gannon ◽  
Michele G. Wheatly
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Blue Crabs ◽  
Short Term

scholarly journals Intentional replacement of dead children in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from Ghana and Kenya

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Obeng Gyimah ◽  
Rajulton Fernando
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Mortality ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Mortality Experience ◽  
First Child ◽  
Health Survey Data ◽  
Sub Saharan

This paper examines whether childhood deaths elicit an explicit, conscious and intentional fertility response using the 1998 Demographic and Health Survey data for Ghana and Kenya . Using multivariate hazard models, childhood mortality experience was found to have long term fertility implications beyond the short term physiological effects. In both countries, women who have experienced childhood mortality were found to have significantly higher number of additional children than those without. The death of the first child in particular was found to be associated with the risk of a higher order birth consistent with recent findings in Cameroon. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.

Short-term physiological effects of a xenobiotic mixture on the freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata exposed to municipal effluents

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (8) ◽  
pp. 1096-1106 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Farcy ◽  
F. Gagné ◽  
L. Martel ◽  
M. Fortier ◽  
S. Trépanier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Mussel ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Elliptio Complanata

scholarly journals Heart Rate Variability Time Analyses of the Streptozotocin- Diabetic Rat

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 64
Author(s):  
M. Jacobson ◽  
F.C. Howarth ◽  
E. Adeghate ◽  
K. Fatima-Shad
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The World ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
Prevalence Of Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Streptozotocin Diabetic Rat

As the world prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) increases, animal models of the disease's progression are required for researching effective treatment. The streptozotocin (STZ) treated rat is known to cause hyperglycaemia. This study confirms that this animal model also displays DM physiological effects in the animal heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV). In particular, 5 minutes of rat (n=13) electrocardiogram (ECG) is acquired hourly for 30 days. At day 10, the animal (n=7) is dosed with STZ and the ECG is analyzed in order to determine the HR and HRV. The HRV is indexed using two time-based analyses, based on long-term (24hr) and short-term (5min) analyses. All analyses are compared to control non-STZ dosed animals (n=6) and display significant DM effects. 

scholarly journals Inhibition or Promotion of Tomato Fruit Ripening by Acetaldehyde and Ethanol is Concentration Dependent and Varies with Initial Fruit Maturity

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (3) ◽  
pp. 392-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Beaulieu ◽  
Mikal E. Saltveit
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽  
Fruit Ripening ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Short Term Exposure ◽  
Tomato Fruit Ripening ◽  
Fruit Maturity ◽  
Mass Basis

`Castlemart' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) pericarp discs were used to study the physiological effects of acetaldehyde and ethanol on fruit ripening. Short-term exposure of discs from mature-green fruit to acetaldehyde vapors on a fresh mass basis (≤500 μg·g-1) or ethanol vapors (≤3 mg·g-1) promoted ripening, while higher concentrations inhibited ripening. Discs from mature-green fruit absorbed greater amounts of ethanol and produced significantly higher concentrations of acetaldehyde than discs from breaker fruit. Ripening was promoted by ethanol when the discs were unable to retain or produce a certain level of acetaldehyde. Inhibition of ripening by 4 hours of exposure to ethanol (6 mg·g-1) was almost completely abolished by hypobaric treatments (18 kPa for 24 hours). However, acetaldehyde-induced ripening inhibition (2 days exposure to 180 μg·g-1) was only slightly reduced by vacuum. Concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol that inhibited ripening reduced C2H4 production, whereas lower concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol that promoted ripening increased C2H4 production. Application of 4-methylpyrazole, an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, enhanced acetaldehyde-induced ripening inhibition and reduced ethanol-induced ripening inhibition or promotion at all concentrations of acetaldehyde and ethanol tested. The inhibition or promotion of ripening of excised tomato pericarp discs by ethanol and acetaldehyde depended on initial fruit maturity, applied volatile concentration, and duration of exposure.

MCH Neuron Activity Is Sufficient for Reward and Reinforces Feeding

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 258-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pelin Dilsiz ◽  
Iltan Aklan ◽  
Nilufer Sayar Atasoy ◽  
Yavuz Yavuz ◽  
Gizem Filiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Neuron Activity ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Direct Role ◽  
Reward Function ◽  
Melanin Concentrating Hormone

Background: Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-expressing neurons have been implicated in regulation of energy homeostasis and reward, yet the role of their electrical activity in short-term appetite and reward modulation has not been fully understood. Objectives: We investigated short-term behavioral and physiological effects of MCH neuron activity manipulations. Methods: We used optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches in Pmch-cre transgenic mice to acutely stimulate/inhibit MCH neuronal activity while probing feeding, locomotor activity, anxiety-like behaviors, glucose homeostasis, and reward. Results: MCH neuron activity is neither required nor sufficient for short-term appetite unless stimulation is temporally paired with consumption. MCH neuronal activation does not affect short-term locomotor activity, but inhibition improves glucose tolerance and is mildly anxiolytic. Finally, using two different operant tasks, we showed that activation of MCH neurons alone is sufficient to induce reward. Conclusions: Our results confirm diverse behavioral/physiological functions of MCH neurons and suggest a direct role in reward function.

scholarly journals Short- and long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1700) ◽  
pp. 20150422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Burnstock
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Purinergic Signalling ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Immune Defence ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Short And Long Term

There is long-term (trophic) purinergic signalling involving cell proliferation, differentiation, motility and death in the development and regeneration of most systems of the body, in addition to fast purinergic signalling in neurotransmission, neuromodulation and secretion. It is not always easy to distinguish between short- and long-term signalling. For example, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can sometimes act as a short-term trigger for long-term trophic events that become evident days or even weeks after the original challenge. Examples of short-term purinergic signalling during sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric neuromuscular transmission and in synaptic transmission in ganglia and in the central nervous system are described, as well as in neuromodulation and secretion. Long-term trophic signalling is described in the immune/defence system, stratified epithelia in visceral organs and skin, embryological development, bone formation and resorption and in cancer. It is likely that the increase in intracellular Ca 2+ in response to both P2X and P2Y purinoceptor activation participates in many short- and long-term physiological effects. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Evolution brings Ca 2+ and ATP together to control life and death’.

scholarly journals Marine heatwaves depress metabolic activity and impair cellular acid-base homeostasis in reef-building corals regardless of bleaching susceptibility

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teegan Innis ◽  
Luella Allen-Waller ◽  
Kristen Taylor Brown ◽  
Wesley Sparagon ◽  
Christopher Carlson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Ocean Warming ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Coral Reef Ecosystems ◽  
Ecological Success

AbstractOcean warming is causing global coral bleaching events to increase in frequency, resulting in widespread coral mortality and disrupting the function of coral reef ecosystems. However, even during mass bleaching events, many corals resist bleaching despite exposure to abnormally high temperatures. While the physiological effects of bleaching have been well documented, the consequences of heat stress for bleaching resistant individuals are not well understood. In addition, much remains to be learned about how heat stress affects cellular level processes that may be overlooked at the organismal level, yet are crucial for coral performance in the short term and ecological success over the long term. Here we compared the physiological and cellular responses of bleaching resistant and bleaching susceptible corals throughout the 2019 marine heatwave in Hawai‘i, a repeat bleaching event that occurred four years after the previous regional event. Relative bleaching susceptibility within species was consistent between the two bleaching events, yet corals of both resistant and susceptible phenotypes exhibited pronounced metabolic depression during the heatwave. At the cellular level, bleaching susceptible corals had lower intracellular pH than bleaching resistant corals at the peak of bleaching for both symbiont-hosting and symbiont-free cells, indicating greater disruption of acid-base homeostasis in bleaching susceptible individuals. Notably, cells from both phenotypes were unable to compensate for experimentally induced cellular acidosis, indicating that acid-base regulation was significantly impaired at the cellular level even in bleaching resistant corals and in cells containing symbionts. Thermal disturbances may thus have substantial ecological consequences, as even small reallocations in energy budgets to maintain homeostasis during stress can negatively affect fitness. These results suggest concern is warranted for corals coping with ocean acidification alongside ocean warming, as the feedback between temperature stress and acid-base regulation may further exacerbate the physiological effects of climate change.

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