Renal Drug Delivery With Low-Molecular-Weight Proteins: The Effect of Charge Modifications on the Body Distribution of Drug-Lysozyme Conjugates

Synthesis Of Poly Lactic Acid Catalyst To Use Low-molecular-weight Using Stannum Catalyst Poly lactic acid is a polyester that can be produced using raw materials of renewable natural resources such as starch and cellulose. These polymers can be degraded by hydrolysis process in the body and excreted within a few months. This polymer is not toxic and has been widely used in medical field such as for implants and medium in drug delivery systems (Drug Delivery System, DDS). Low molecular weight polymers that accelerate the degradation and the increasing concentration of drug detachment, while polymers with high molecular weight have a lower solubility so degraded more slowly. Polymerization process is affected by the solvent used, reaction temperature, time of agitation and catalyst used. Stanum (Sn) is the best catalyst is used to obtain polymers at relatively low temperatures. Synthesis is done by mixing the lactic acid with xylene and Stanum as a catalyst. Variation Stanum catalyst used, ie 0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, 3.0%, and 4.0%. Reacted in a reactor at a temperature of 140 ° C for 14 hours. Added chloroform, filtered and added to cold methanol. The precipitate was filtered and washed with cold methanol. The rst deposits exposed in the air and then heated in an oven at 80 ° C. Based on the results of the study, obtained the concentration of 2% was an optimum concentration of Sn is used to produce 4.55 grams of poly lactic acid of 20 grams of lactic acid with a molecular weight of 23289.83g/mol and the residue Stanum at 175.174 ppm. Keywords : Poly lactic acid, polikondensasu, catalyst, sanum. ABSTRAK Poli asam laktat merupakan poliester yang dapat diproduksi menggunakan bahan baku sumber daya alam terbarukan seperti pati dan selulosa. Polimer ini dapat terdegradasi dengan proses hidrolisis dalam tubuh dan terekskresi dalam waktu beberapa bulan. Polimer ini tidak meracuni tubuh dan telah banyak digunakan dalam bidang kedokteran seperti untuk implan dan medium dalam sistem penyampaian obat (Drug Delivery System, DDS). Bobot molekul polimer yang rendah mempercepat degradasi dan naiknya konsentrasi lepasan obat, sedangkan polimer dengan bobot molekul tinggi memiliki kelarutan yang lebih rendah sehingga terdegradasi lebih lambat. Proses polimerisasi dipengaruhi oleh pelarut yang digunakan, suhu reaksi, waktu pengocokan dan katalis yang digunakan. Stanum (Sn) merupakan katalis yang paling baik digunakan untuk mendapatkan polimer pada suhu yang relatif rendah. Sintesis dilakukan dengan mencampur asam laktat dengan xilena dan stanum sebagai katalis. Dilakukan variasi katalis stanum yang digunakan, yaitu 0 % ; 1,0 % ; 2,0 % ; 3,0 % ; dan 4,0 %. Direaksikan dalam reaktor pada suhu 140 °C selama 14 jam. Ditambahkan kloroform, disaring dan ditambahkan metanol dingin. Endapan disaring dan dicuci dengan metanol dingin. Sisa endapan dianginkan di udara lalu dipanaskan dalam oven pada suhu 80 °C. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, didapat konsentrasi 2% merupakan konsentrasi Sn yang paling optimum digunakan untuk menghasilkan 4,55 gram poli asam laktat dari 20 gram asam laktat dengan bobot molekul 23289,83 g/mol dan residu stanum sebesar 175,174 ppm.Kata kunci : Poli asam laktat, polikondensasu, katalis, stanum.

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Cadmium and its inorganic compounds - expressed as Cd - inhalable fraction. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Podstawy i Metody Oceny Środowiska Pracy ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.6376 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 35 (4(102)) ◽

pp. 5-40

Author(s):

Adam Daragó ◽

Andrzej Sapota ◽

Marek Jakubowski

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Inorganic Compounds ◽

The Body ◽

Cadmium Exposure ◽

Water Soluble ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Mutagenic Action ◽

Critical Effect ◽

Cadmium In Urine ◽

Low Molecular Weight Proteins

Cadmium (Cd) is a white metal with a bluish tint. It forms a number of compounds occurring in them on the degree of oxidation 2+. Cadmium compounds are water-soluble to varying degrees. The highest risk groups include employees involved in the production of nickel-cadmium batteries, alloys, cadmium pigments as well as employees of non-ferrous metal smelters and cutting welders of metals covered with a cadmium anti-corrosion layer. According to the Central Register of Data on Exposure to Substances , Preparations, Factors or Technological Processes on Carcinogenic or Mutagenic Action, 4276 workers in Poland were exposed to cadmium and its compounds. Cadmium is absorbed into the body through inhalation and digestive systems. In humans, the absorption is 2–50% and 4–6%, respectively. Elimination of cadmium from the body is a slow process. The estimated half-life of cadmium is from 5 to 30 years. Results of studies conducted in subjects exposed to cadmium in the work environment showed that the threshold concentration of cadmium in urine, at which increased excretion of low molecular weight proteins in urine was found, is 5–10 µg/g creatinine. In 1993, IARC identified cadmium and its compounds as a human carcinogen (group 1). The results of experimental studies in rats provided evidence of cadmium carcinogenicity as a result of inhalation exposure. Cadmium is recognized by SCOEL as a category C carcinogen, i.e. as a genotoxic carcinogen for which a threshold of action (concentration) can be determined, also called a practical threshold. The critical organs for the toxic effects of cadmium and its inorganic compounds in humans, depending on the route of exposure, are kidneys, lungs and possibly bones. The critical effect of cadmium on kidneys is increased excretion of low molecular weight proteins in urine, while the critical effect on lungs is the carcinogenic effect. Inhalation studies in rats exposed to cadmium at concentrations of 30 µgCd/m3, 13.4 µgCd/m3 and 10 µgCd/m3 for 18 months were used as the basis to propose TLV-TWA. The concentration of 10 µg Cd/m3 was taken as the NOAEL value. After applying the formula and taking into account the uncertainty factors with a total value of 10, the concentration of 0.001 mg/m3 (1 µgCd/m3) was determined as the TLV-TWA value for the inhaled fraction. Biological monitoring is the best indicator of cadmium exposure. The excretion of cadmium in urine enables the assessment of cumulative cadmium in the body and takes into account all sources of cadmium exposure, including contaminated food and smoking, while the blood cadmium concentration is a measure of current exposure. Previous BEI values in blood and urine were 5 μgCd/l and 5 μgCd/g creatinine, respectively. After discussion at the 91st meeting of the Interministerial Committee for TLVs and PELs, these values were maintained as mandatory. This article discusses the problems of occupational safety and health, which are covered by health sciences and environmental engineering.

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Holistic Metabolomic Laboratory-Developed Test (LDT): Development and Use for the Diagnosis of Early-Stage Parkinson’s Disease

Metabolites ◽

10.3390/metabo11010014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Petr G. Lokhov ◽

Dmitry L. Maslov ◽

Steven Lichtenberg ◽

Oxana P. Trifonova ◽

Elena E. Balashova

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

High Resolution Mass Spectrometry ◽

Early Stage ◽

Disease Diagnosis ◽

The Body ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Low Molecular Weight Compounds

A laboratory-developed test (LDT) is a type of in vitro diagnostic test that is developed and used within a single laboratory. The holistic metabolomic LDT integrating the currently available data on human metabolic pathways, changes in the concentrations of low-molecular-weight compounds in the human blood during diseases and other conditions, and their prevalent location in the body was developed. That is, the LDT uses all of the accumulated metabolic data relevant for disease diagnosis and high-resolution mass spectrometry with data processing by in-house software. In this study, the LDT was applied to diagnose early-stage Parkinson’s disease (PD), which currently lacks available laboratory tests. The use of the LDT for blood plasma samples confirmed its ability for such diagnostics with 73% accuracy. The diagnosis was based on relevant data, such as the detection of overrepresented metabolite sets associated with PD and other neurodegenerative diseases. Additionally, the ability of the LDT to detect normal composition of low-molecular-weight compounds in blood was demonstrated, thus providing a definition of healthy at the molecular level. This LDT approach as a screening tool can be used for the further widespread testing for other diseases, since ‘omics’ tests, to which the metabolomic LDT belongs, cover a variety of them.

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Synthesis of unique low molecular weight proteins during late G2 and mitosis.

Journal of Biological Chemistry ◽

10.1016/s0021-9258(20)71151-8 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 260 (2) ◽

pp. 695-698

Author(s):

J T Westwood ◽

E B Wagenaar ◽

R B Church

Keyword(s):

Molecular Weight ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Low Molecular Weight Proteins

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Inhibition of Copper-Associated Erythrocyte Ghost Membrane Lipid Peroxidation by Hepatic Cytosolic Low Molecular Weight Proteins

Toxicologic Pathology ◽

10.1177/019262339101900302 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 19 (3) ◽

pp. 206-213

Author(s):

Bruce L. Homer ◽

Kenneth R. Pierce ◽

Charles H. Bridges ◽

James E. Womack ◽

Blair A. Sowa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Membrane Lipid ◽

Erythrocyte Ghost ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Membrane Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Low Molecular Weight Proteins

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A Hydrogel-based Implantable Multidrug Antitubercular Formulation Outperforms Oral Delivery.

Nanoscale ◽

10.1039/d0nr08806d ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sanjay Pal ◽

Vijay Soni ◽

Sandeep Kumar ◽

Somesh K Jha ◽

Nihal Medatwal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Molecular Weight ◽

Drug Delivery System ◽

Delivery System ◽

Oral Delivery ◽

Low Molecular Weight ◽

Front Line ◽

Antitubercular Drugs

We present a non-immunogenic, injectable, low molecular weight, amphiphilic hydrogel-based drug delivery system (TB-Gel) that can entrap a cocktail of four front-line antitubercular drugs isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. We...

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