Versatile and Robust Method for Antibody Conjugation to Nanoparticles with High Targeting Efficiency

The application of antibodies in nanomedicine is now standard practice in research since it represents an innovative approach to deliver chemotherapy agents selectively to tumors. The variety of targets or markers that are overexpressed in different types of cancers results in a high demand for antibody conjugated-nanoparticles, which are versatile and easily customizable. Considering up-scaling, the synthesis of antibody-conjugated nanoparticles should be simple and highly reproducible. Here, we developed a facile coating strategy to produce antibody-conjugated nanoparticles using ‘click chemistry’ and further evaluated their selectivity towards cancer cells expressing different markers. Our approach was consistently repeated for the conjugation of antibodies against CD44 and EGFR, which are prominent cancer cell markers. The functionalized particles presented excellent cell specificity towards CD44 and EGFR overexpressing cells, respectively. Our results indicated that the developed coating method is reproducible, versatile, and non-toxic, and can be used for particle functionalization with different antibodies. This grafting strategy can be applied to a wide range of nanoparticles and will contribute to the development of future targeted drug delivery systems.

Versatile and Robust Method for Antibody Conjugation to Nanoparticles with High Targeting Efficiency

The application of antibodies in nanomedicine is now standard practice in research since it represents an innovative approach to deliver chemotherapy agents selectively to tumours. The variety of targets or markers that are overexpressed in different types of cancers results in a high demand for antibody conjugated nanoparticles which are versatile and easily customizable. Considering up-scaling, the synthesis of antibody conjugated nanoparticles should be simple and highly reproducible. Here, we developed a facile coating strategy to produce antibody conjugated nanoparticles using click chemistry and further evaluated their selectivity towards cancer cells expressing different markers. Our approach was consistently repeated for the conjugation of an-tibodies against CD44 and EGFR, which are prominent cancer cell markers. The functionalized particles presented excellent cell specificity towards CD44 and EGFR overexpressing cells, respec-tively. Our results indicated that the developed coating method is reproducible, versatile, non-toxic, and can be used for particle functionalization with different antibodies. This grafting strategy can be applied to a wide range of nanoparticles and will contribute to the development of future targeted drug delivery systems.

Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles for Colon-Targeted Drug Delivery Systems

Polysaccharide biomaterials have gained significant importance in the manufacture of nanoparticles used in colon-targeted drug delivery systems. These systems are a form of non-invasive oral therapy used in the treatment of various diseases. To achieve successful colonic delivery, the chemical, enzymatic and mucoadhesive barriers within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract must be analyzed. This will allow for the nanomaterials to cross these barriers and reach the colon. This review provides information on the development of nanoparticles made from various polysaccharides, which can overcome multiple barriers along the GI tract and affect encapsulation efficiency, drug protection, and release mechanisms upon arrival in the colon. Also, there is information disclosed about the size of the nanoparticles that are usually involved in the mechanisms of diffusion through the barriers in the GI tract, which may influence early drug degradation and release in the digestive tract.

Tumor-targeted drug delivery systems for anticancer therapies can selectively provide an appropriate cytotoxic payload to cancer cells, reducing the side effects of chemo.

Anticancer drugs aim to quickly divide and kill or destroy cells. Chemotherapy is effective, but it has the drawback of being unspecific. Other disadvantages of classical chemotherapy include inadequate drug therapy indices, evident toxicity, and increased risk of multidrug resistance (MDR) in long-term treatment. Furthermore, when these chemotherapy drugs are usually supplied, the dose may cause harm to many other critical organs in addition to healthy cells. Anticancer therapies are intensely interested in tumor-targeted drug delivery systems, since they not only boost the safety and efficacy of the drug, but also reduce the catastrophic side effects associated with chemotherapy. Such dynamically customized drug delivery devices can selectively provide an appropriate cytotoxic payload to cancer cells. They are beneficial in reducing some of the primary limitations of conventional medicines, such as bypassing biological barriers and overcoming drug resistance. Targeted medications limit harm to healthy cells while killing cancer cells. Because of their obvious benefits, customized medication delivery systems have taken their position in the drug delivery industry. Various ligands have grabbed researchers' attention in biological and therapeutic contexts and will continue to do so. FA-targeted delivery methods have already shown great effectiveness in preclinical models and considerable promise for future clinical applications. Because FR is overexpressed in a number of malignancies, FA must be employed as the preferred ligand to selectively target tumor cells and enjoy the benefits. Under in vitro, physiological and different storage circumstances, FA-(co)polymer and FA-drug conjugates were substantially more stable. To summarize, the major advantages of cancer targeting FA-nanoconjugates include selective internalization of nanoconjugates by cells (over) expressing FRs, simple conjugation chemistry, non-immunogenicity, and retention of nanoconjugate cargo in the endocytic vesicle after internalization rather than lysosomal processing as is the case with antibody.

Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Kidney Diseases

Kidney diseases have gradually become a global health burden. Along with the development of nanotechnology, many hybrids or nanomaterials have been utilized to promote treatment efficiency with negligible side effects. These therapeutic agents have been successfully applied in many fields. In particular, some efforts have also been made to ameliorate the treatment of kidney diseases through targeted delivery nanomaterials. Though most of the delivery systems have not yet been transmitted into clinical use or even still at an early stage, they have shown great potential in carrying immunosuppressants like tacrolimus and triptolide, antioxidants, or siRNAs. Excitingly, some of them have achieved significant treatment effectiveness and reduced systemic side effect in kidney disease animal models. Here, we have reviewed the recent advances and presented nanotherapeutic devices designed for kidney targeted delivery.

Enhancing Clinical Translation of Cancer Using Nanoinformatics

Application of drugs in high doses has been required due to the limitations of no specificity, short circulation half-lives, as well as low bioavailability and solubility. Higher toxicity is the result of high dosage administration of drug molecules that increase the side effects of the drugs. Recently, nanomedicine, that is the utilization of nanotechnology in healthcare with clinical applications, has made many advancements in the areas of cancer diagnosis and therapy. To overcome the challenge of patient-specificity as well as time- and dose-dependency of drug administration, artificial intelligence (AI) can be significantly beneficial for optimization of nanomedicine and combinatorial nanotherapy. AI has become a tool for researchers to manage complicated and big data, ranging from achieving complementary results to routine statistical analyses. AI enhances the prediction precision of treatment impact in cancer patients and specify estimation outcomes. Application of AI in nanotechnology leads to a new field of study, i.e., nanoinformatics. Besides, AI can be coupled with nanorobots, as an emerging technology, to develop targeted drug delivery systems. Furthermore, by the advancements in the nanomedicine field, AI-based combination therapy can facilitate the understanding of diagnosis and therapy of the cancer patients. The main objectives of this review are to discuss the current developments, possibilities, and future visions in naoinformatics, for providing more effective treatment for cancer patients.