Toxicity of 2,4,6-TrinitrotoIuene (TNT) in Hispid Cotton Rats (Sigmodon hispidus): Hematological, Biochemical, and Pathological Effects

2000 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunda Reddy ◽  
Sundeep A. M. Chandra ◽  
James W. Lish ◽  
Charles W. Quails
Keyword(s):  
Hemolytic Anemia ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Enzyme Analysis ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Sigmodon Hispidus ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Cotton Rats

The contamination of soil and water with munitions chemicals and their degradation products has been reported at certain munitions production waste disposal sites and at certain Army installations. The effects of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) on wild cotton rats ( Sigmodon hispidus) were evaluated to identify target organ toxicity that could be used to develop biomarkers for exposure assessment for ecological and health risks. The oral LD50 values for TNT in corn oil were 607 and 767 mg/kg body weights for male and female cotton rats respectively. Hematological, pathological, and biochemical effects of TNT were determined after daily oral gavage of TNT in corn oil at doses of 0, 75.9, 151.8, and 303.5 (males) or 0, 96, 192, and 384 mg/kg (females) for 7 days. Cotton rats treated with TNT showed an increase in spleen weights in males (303.5 mg/kg) and in females (192 and 384 mg/kg). Cotton rats of both sexes treated for 7 days with TNT had marked hemolytic anemia with reduced erythrocytes, hemoglobin, and hematocrit in high-dose groups; methemoglobin levels were elevated significantly in males at mid and high dose. Hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme analysis revealed that microsomal O-dealkylation of methoxy, ethoxy, and pentoxy resorufin were elevated in male (high dose) cotton rats. The activity of hepatic glutathione S-transferases (GST) was significantly elevated in male (mid and high dose) and female (all doses) cotton rats exposed to TNT. Histopathological analysis of spleen revealed mild to marked splenic congestion with mild extramedullary hematopoiesis, hemosiderosis, and lymphoid hyperplasia in male and female cotton rats treated with TNT (all doses). Liver weights were increased in males (mid and high dose) and in females (high-dose group). In the high-dose groups, histological changes in liver (mild to moderate hepatocellular hypertrophy, increased hemosiderin pigment in Kupffer cells) in both sexes, and in testis (premature exfoliation of spermatozoa from dilated seminiferous tubules) were observed (mid and high dose). These results suggest that hepatic GST and hemolytic anemia may be biomarkers in cotton rats of terrestrial contamination with TNT or other nitroaromatic explosive compounds.

New approach for reproductive toxicity assessment: chromatoid bodies as a target for methylmercury and polychlorinated biphenyls in prepubertal male rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (10) ◽  
pp. 914
Author(s):  
M. S. Garcia ◽  
W. A. Orcini ◽  
R. L. Peruquetti ◽  
J. E. Perobelli
Keyword(s):  
Corn Oil ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Reproductive Toxicity ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Seminiferous Tubules ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects

This study investigated the reproductive toxicity of methylmercury (MeHg) and Aroclor (Sigma-Aldrich), alone or in combination, following exposure of prepubertal male rats considering the chromatoid body (CB) as a potential target. The CB is an important molecular regulator of mammalian spermatogenesis, primarily during spermatid cytodifferentiation. Male Wistar rats were exposed to MeHg and/or Aroclor , according the following experimental design: control group, which was administered in corn oil (vehicle) only; MeHg-treated group, which was administered 0.5mg kg−1 day−1 MeHg; Aroclor-treated group, which was administered 1mg kg−1 day−1 Aroclor; Mix-LD, group which was administered a low-dose mixture of MeHg (0.05mg kg−1 day−1) and Aroclor (0.1mg kg−1 day−1); and Mix-HD group, which was administered a high-dose mixture of MeHg (0.5mg kg−1 day−1) and Aroclor (1.0mg kg−1 day−1). MeHg was diluted in distilled water and Aroclor was made up in corn oil (volume 1mL kg−1). Rats were administered the different treatments from PND23 to PND53 by gavage, . The morphophysiology of CBs was analysed, together with aspects of steroid hormones status and regulation, just after the last treatment on PND53. In addition, the long-term effects on sperm parameters were assessed in adult animals. MeHg exposure increased mouse VASA homologue (MVH) protein levels in seminiferous tubules, possibly affecting the epigenetic status of germ cells. Aroclor produced morphological changes to CB assembly, which may explain the observed morphological defects to the sperm flagellum and the consequent decrease in sperm motility. There were no clear additive or synergistic effects between MeHg and Aroclor when administered in combination. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that MeHg and Aroclor have independent deleterious effects on the developing testis, causing molecular and morphological changes in CBs. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that CBs are targets for toxic agents.

scholarly journals Bisphenol a Hormonal Disrupture and Preventive Effect of Rose Water and Clove Oil

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 8780-8803
Keyword(s):  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

Bisphenol A (BPA) which considered synthetic estrogen that is an essential component of many plastic industries. This research was done to see the impacts of exposure of BPA on reproductive organs and hormonal levels in male and female albino Sprague-Dawley rats. The protective effect of rose water and clove oil on BPA was investigated. Ninety rats were divided into 18 groups, 9 groups of males and they are like for females. Rats were exposed to different oral gavage route 3 times a week by doses of BPA (20 µg, 20 mg, 200 mg) /kg b.wt for 6 weeks and BPA was solubilized in corn oil. BPA induced a significant decrease in total and free testosterone in male rats, in contrast to a significant increase in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), progesterone, estrogen (E2), and prolactin (PRL), while a decrease in Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) compared to control groups. Histopathological examination revealed that rosewater and clove oil reduced testes and ovary damages induced by BPA. Rosewater and clove oil components were scanned using GC/MS, which showed that rosewater and clove oil contains phenols, flavonoids, and these inevitably confirm that a prominent role in preventing the damage during treatment. Results indicated that the used doses of BPA disrupted the sex hormone levels in both male and female rats caused reproductive impaired. The chemical and histopathological analysis results indicated that clove oil and rose water improved the adverse effect of BPA. Rosewater and clove oil improved the changes which were stimulated by BPA.

Effect of In-Utero Exposure to High Dose Diethylstilbestrol on Intervertebral Disk in Adult Male and Female Progeny

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. s-0032-1319931-s-0032-1319931
Author(s):  
S. Al Rowas ◽  
R. Gawri ◽  
R. Haddad ◽  
A. Almaawi ◽  
L. E. Chalifour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Intervertebral Disk ◽  
In Utero Exposure ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Male And Female

Histological Comparative of Kidney of Neonatal Mice Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles During Fetal Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
Najat F. Mohammed Salih ◽  
Gazwa D. Al-Nakeeb
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Fetal Development ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Newborn Mice ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tubular Necrosis ◽  
Neonatal Kidney ◽  
Glomerular Tuft

This study aimed to compare the histological changes in the neonatal kidney after their mothers exposed to different doses of silver nanoparticles colloidal solution (AgNPs) during the three stages of pregnancy. Pregnant Swiss albino mice (n=60) were randomly divided into three treated groups. They were intraperitoneally injected with AgNPs for 7 days during each stage of the gestational period. The newborn mice were sacrificed immediately after the birth, and the kidneys were being collected for histopathological analysis. The results showed that the AgNPs caused histological changes in the neonatal kidneys; vacuolation of some renal vesicles and cortical tubules, cystic tubular dilation, glomerular tuft shrinkage, and focal tubular necrosis in the first week-dose exposed pregnant. Disintegrating of immature glomeruli, distention of Bowman’s space of mature glomeruli, tubular necrosis, loss of renal parenchyma, medullar tubules containing hyaline casts, and subcapsular haemorrhage in the second week-dose exposed pregnant. Massive hypercellularity in the deeper part of the renal cortex, cortical and medullary tubules dilation, atrophy of subcapsular immature tubules, cortical cyst formation, glomerular tuft necrosis, dilation of Bowman’s space with evidence of crescent formation, and medullar portion replaced by scant loose connective tissue containing few numbers of tubules the third week-dose exposed pregnant. The results showed that the AgNPs has more negative effects on the kidney development at the third week-high dose and comparing the histological changes in the neonatal kidney were appeared in a time-depended manner and in a dosedepended manner. More researches must be carried out to obtain better understanding of AgNPs toxicity on fetal development and its ability as a teratogenic agent to induce external and internal abnormalities in the fetus.

scholarly journals Resistance of Cotton Rats, Sigmodon hispidus, to Primary Infection by Nippostrongylus brasiliensis

2002 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendra WIBAWA ◽  
Deni NOVIANA ◽  
Kimiyuki TSUCHIYA ◽  
Fadjar SATRIJA ◽  
Yoichiro HORII
Keyword(s):  
Primary Infection ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Sigmodon Hispidus ◽  
Cotton Rats

Amorphous silica nanoparticles induced spleen and liver toxicity after acute intravenous exposure in male and female rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 074823372110105
Author(s):  
Roberta Tassinari ◽  
Andrea Martinelli ◽  
Mauro Valeri ◽  
Francesca Maranghi
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Silica ◽  
Liver Toxicity ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Target Organs ◽  
Short Term Exposure

Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) nanomaterial – consisting of aggregates and agglomerates of primary silicon dioxide (SiO2) particles in the nanorange (<100 nm) – is commonly used as excipient in pharmaceuticals, in cosmetics and as food additive (E551). The available data suggest that SAS nanoparticles (NP) after intravenous (IV) exposure persist in liver and spleen; however, insufficient data exist to verify whether SAS may also induce adverse effects. The aim of the present study was to verify the potential long-term effects of SAS NP (NM-203) on spleen and liver as target organs following short-term exposure. Adult male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated by IV injection in the tail vein with a single (1-day) dose (SD) and repeated (5-day) doses (RD) of 20 mg/kg bw per day of SAS dispersed in sterile saline solution as vehicle. Histopathological examinations of target organs were performed after 90 days. Tissue biodistribution and full characterization of NM-203, primary particle size 13–45 nm, was performed within the framework of the Nanogenotox project. No mortality or general toxicity occurred; histopathological analysis showed splenomegaly in the RD group accompanied by inflammatory granulomas in both sexes. Granulomas were also present in liver parenchyma in the RD (both sexes) and SD groups (male only). The histopathological results indicated that SAS NP have the potential to persist and induce sex-specific chronic inflammatory lesions in spleen and liver upon short-term treatment. Overall, the data showed that the widespread use of silica in drugs might elicit chronic reactions in spleen and liver prompting to the need of further investigations on the safety of SAS NP.

scholarly journals The Role and Mechanism of Borneol to Open the Blood-Brain Barrier

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 806-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Wu ◽  
Aiqin Zhang ◽  
Hongyang Lu ◽  
Qiaoyuan Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Evans Blue ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Total Density ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Blood Brain

Background: The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the greatest challenge in the treatment of intracranial malignant tumors. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the role of borneol in opening the BBB and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Materials and Methods: Twenty Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomized into borneol group intragastrically administered with 10% borneol corn oil (2 mL/kg) and control group. After 30 minutes, 2% Evans blue (4 mL/kg) was injected. Thirty minutes later, brain tissue was analyzed using the Evans blue standard curve. Another 40 SD rats were randomized into high-, medium-, and low-dose borneol groups and a control group. Each rat in the experimental groups was intragastrically administered with 10% borneol corn oil (2 mL/kg, 1.25 mL/kg, and 0.5 mL/kg, respectively). The control group was injected with corn oil of 1.25 mL/kg. After 30 minutes, the rats were killed, and the brain tissues were collected. The expression of occludin, occludens-1, nitric oxide synthase, P-glycoprotein, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) was detected by immunohistochemy. Results: The concentration of Evans blue in the borneol group was higher than in the control group ( P < .05). The mean density of ICAM-1 expression was higher in the experimental group than in the control group ( P < .05). In contrast, significant differences of positive area and total density of ICAM-1 were shown only between the high-dose group and the control group ( P < .05). Conclusion: Borneol can open the BBB, which might be related with the increased expression of ICAM-1.

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