Structural characteristics of crystals formed in palm oil using sorbitan tristearate and sucrose stearate

This paper presents the results of the investigation conducted to assess the latter day strengths of concrete in which the cement constituent of the mix has been partially replaced by empty palm oil fruit brunch (EPO-FBA). The structural parameters investigated were: workability, density and compressive strength. Some physical properties and chemical analysis were conducted. Slump test was used to assess the workability, while 150 x 150 x 150mm concrete cube specimens were used to assess the density and compressive strength characteristics. Replacement of Portland cement with EPO-FBA were carried out up to 20% by weight at interval of 5%. The results showed that (i) the concrete specimens with EPO-FBA became less workable with increase in the cement replacement with EPO-FBA, (ii) normal density concrete was obtained with densities in the range 2240 – 2480 kg/m3 when the cement constituent of the mix was partially replaced with EPO-EBA up to 20%, and (iii) the compressive strength developed by the concrete specimens at 5% cement replacement with EPO-FBA was better than the control samples

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Effect of functional and technological properties of vegetable shortenings on qualitative characteristics of biscuit

Vestnik MGTU ◽

10.21443/1560-9278-2020-23-3-268-279 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

pp. 268-279

Author(s):

S. Yu. Misteneva ◽

T. V. Savenkova ◽

E. A. Demchenko ◽

N. A. Shcherbakova ◽

T. V. Gerasimov

Keyword(s):

Palm Oil ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Technological Properties ◽

Organoleptic Characteristics ◽

Milk Substitute ◽

Production Increase ◽

Confectionery Fat ◽

Competitive Products

The modern market has strict requirements for competitive products, forcing the manufacturer to implement scientific and technological progress in production, increase labor productivity and product quality, and reduce cost. The unchanged favorite on the confectionery market is sugar biscuits, it is in high demand among all groups of the population, the share of domestic products is more than 85 %. The quality and nutritional value of food products largely depend on the properties and composition of the predominant amount of raw materials, which in the production of sugar cookies are wheat flour, sugar and fat component. In order to update the technological control schemes and optimize the recipe composition of sugar cookies, depending on the type of fat component used, the influence and the relationship between the functional and technological properties of fatty products traditionally used in the production of sugar cookies (margarine, confectionery fat, milk substitute fat, palm oil), and quality characteristics of finished products (structural and mechanical, physicochemical and organoleptic indicators, rheological indicators of emulsion and dough) have been investigated. As a result of the studies, it has been found that the type of fatty products has a significant impact on the development and optimization of technological methods in relation to specific production conditions, the formation of sensory and structural characteristics of the finished product. Recommendations have been developed for optimizing the recipe composition of cookies depending on the type of fat used. In particular, it has been shown that it is advisable to use a milk fat substitute or margarine in products with a simple recipe composition, while the use of palm oil and confectionery fat is more justified in products with a rich recipe composition, in which organoleptic characteristics are formed by the presence of additional raw materials: dairy products, cocoa powder, nuts, dried fruits, etc.

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A High Resolution Study of G.P. Zones in Aluminum - 4.2 at % Silver

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100055904 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 722-723 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Gronsky

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

High Resolution ◽

Computer Simulations ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Resolution Study

The phenomenon of clustering in Al-Ag alloys has been extensively studied since the early work of Guinierl, wherein the pre-precipitation state was characterized as an assembly of spherical, ordered, silver-rich G.P. zones. Subsequent x-ray and TEM investigations yielded results in general agreement with this model. However, serious discrepancies were later revealed by the detailed x-ray diffraction - based computer simulations of Gragg and Cohen, i.e., the silver-rich clusters were instead octahedral in shape and fully disordered, atleast below 170°C. The object of the present investigation is to examine directly the structural characteristics of G.P. zones in Al-Ag by high resolution transmission electron microscopy.

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SEM analysis of the change in the reaction rates with deposit structures in the copper-iron cementation system

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109422 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 456-457

Author(s):

V. Annamalai ◽

L.E. Murr

Keyword(s):

Structural Characteristics ◽

Secondary Electron Emission ◽

Copper Deposit ◽

Reaction Rates ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

Major Drawback ◽

Emission Mode ◽

Scrap Iron ◽

Image Position

Economical recovery of copper metal from leach liquors has been carried out by the simple process of cementing copper onto a suitable substrate metal, such as scrap-iron, since the 16th century. The process has, however, a major drawback of consuming more iron than stoichiometrically needed by the reaction.Therefore, many research groups started looking into the process more closely. Though it is accepted that the structural characteristics of the resultant copper deposit cause changes in reaction rates for various experimental conditions, not many systems have been systematically investigated. This paper examines the deposit structures and the kinetic data, and explains the correlations between them.A simple cementation cell along with rotating discs of pure iron (99.9%) were employed in this study to obtain the kinetic results The resultant copper deposits were studied in a Hitachi Perkin-Elmer HHS-2R scanning electron microscope operated at 25kV in the secondary electron emission mode.

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Use of 2½ D imaging in analysis of NiTi martensite

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100110192 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 610-611

Author(s):

G. M. Michal

Keyword(s):

Memory Effect ◽

Monoclinic Phase ◽

Reaction Path ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Salient Feature ◽

Martensite Phase ◽

Orientation Relationships ◽

Low Symmetry ◽

Hydride Phases ◽

Unusual Shape

Several TEM investigations have attempted to correlate the structural characteristics to the unusual shape memory effect in NiTi, the consensus being the essence of the memory effect is ostensible manifest in the structure of NiTi transforming martensitic- ally from a B2 ordered lattice to a low temperature monoclinic phase. Commensurate with the low symmetry of the martensite phase, many variants may form from the B2 lattice explaining the very complex transformed microstructure. The microstructure may also be complicated by the enhanced formation of oxide or hydride phases and precipitation of intermetallic compounds by electron beam exposure. Variants are typically found in selfaccommodation groups with members of a group internally twinned and the twins themselves are often observed to be internally twinned. Often the most salient feature of a group of variants is their close clustering around a given orientation. Analysis of such orientation relationships may be a key to determining the nature of the reaction path that gives the transformation its apparently perfect reversibility.

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Use of light microscopy in the qualitative and quantitative study of liquid crystalline order

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100121727 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 264-265

Author(s):

Christopher Viney

Keyword(s):

Light Microscopy ◽

Liquid Crystalline ◽

Structural Characteristics ◽

Molecular Order ◽

Liquid Crystalline Phases ◽

Convenient Technique ◽

Liquid Crystalline Materials ◽

Transparent Windows

Light microscopy is a convenient technique for characterizing molecular order in fluid liquid crystalline materials. Microstructures can usually be observed under the actual conditions that promote the formation of liquid crystalline phases, whether or not a solvent is required, and at temperatures that can range from the boiling point of nitrogen to 600°C. It is relatively easy to produce specimens that are sufficiently thin and flat, simply by confining a droplet between glass cover slides. Specimens do not need to be conducting, and they do not have to be maintained in a vacuum. Drybox or other controlled environmental conditions can be maintained in a sealed chamber equipped with transparent windows; some heating/ freezing stages can be used for this purpose. It is relatively easy to construct a modified stage so that the generation and relaxation of global molecular order can be observed while specimens are being sheared, simulating flow conditions that exist during processing. Also, light only rarely affects the chemical composition or molecular weight distribution of the sample. Because little or no processing is required after collecting the sample, one can be confident that biologically derived materials will reveal many of their in vivo structural characteristics, even though microscopy is performed in vitro.

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